tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75738489166709150562024-02-02T09:34:52.432-08:00North BorneoThe worst thing that colonialism did was to cloud our view of our past.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-2349220719369858622014-12-31T09:56:00.000-08:002014-12-31T09:56:53.654-08:00Sandakan 1940<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNytODdDwhEuxbVN-JMeBGAm3UnnPeZWRzg4gqBtBzoCCqQTflPpr8VpWkFtyCCfsS0z6B7xHflywHPJtNKYo_D9CY-95h_26-B-Ye7IgDq1cz410-94omCSeifHQ5ghIPkKypUDlDeic/s1600/1940-sandakan1.jpg" /></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-10042254956642328192014-10-04T01:43:00.000-07:002014-10-04T01:43:03.915-07:00The Postage Stamps of North Borneo<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The earliest North Borneo Stamp
was the 2 cent red brown, designed by Mr. Thos. MacDonald, and lithographed by
Messrs. Blades and Blades in 1883, in which year it was on sale in this
Territory. The design of the stamp was simple, and, effective. It depicted the
Company's arms without supporters. The inscriptions 'North Borneo' and
'Postage' appeared above, and the tablet of Value below the arms. Chinese and
Jawi inscriptions of value were shown in the frame. This design, save for the
minor changes to which was referred , was used for all Borneo stamps below the
25 cents value till 1894. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">During 1883, stamps of the 50
cents and $1 values were also printed. The design was the Company's Arms with
supporters. What the precise postal arrangements and rates were in the very
early days of the Company is obscure. In 1883, however, Government Notification
No. 63 defined postal rates, which were 2 cents for local, Labuan, and Brunei
letters, and 8 cents on </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">letters to the Straits, China and
Japan. Letters to Europe, sent via Singapore, in addition to the 2 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">cents Borneo stamp, required
stamping with a 10 cents Singapore stamp. The inconvenience of having only 2
cents stamps was soon felt, and a number of the current 2 cents stamps were
surcharged in the same year with the 8 cents value., These stamps, surcharged
in 1883, have considerable value, </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">{£ </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13 each), to philatelists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In 1884, a fresh set of values
was printed as follows; 1/2c, lc, 2c, 4c, 8c, 10c. Letters forwarded<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">via Singapore, Hong Kong, and
Labuan, still required stamping with stamps of those countries, which, as in the
Government Notification No. 51 of 1884, were on sale at the Post Offices at </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sandakan , Kudat and Gaya. The
1884 issue was not a very long lived one. In 1886-87 the panic </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">stamp, with a new inscription was
introduced, the principal changes being the substitution of 'British North
Borneo' for 'North Borneo,' and a different positioning of the word 'Postage.'
The issue was a comprehensive one running from the 1/2c, lc, 2c, 4c, 8c, 10c,
25c, 50c, $1, $2, and in 1889, to the $5 and $10. It is difficult to understand
what postage use the stamps of high value could be expected to fulfill though of course they were also used for revenue
purposes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In 1889, came another change in
design and inscription, the 1886 design, being slightly reduced in size, and
'Postage and Revenue' being substituted for 'Postage'. A shortage of the 2c,
and 8c values in 1890, led to the 25c. stamp of this issue being surcharged
with those values.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">On 1st January, 1891, this State
adhered to the Postal Union Convention which fixed a flat letter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">rate of 2£d. amongst convention
countries. After being fixed for a short time at 8 cents, the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">equivalent postage rate in North
Borneo currency was reduced, by Government Notification 150 of July, 1891, to 6
cents per oz. . To meet the demand for the new denomination , the 8c. and 10c. stamps
of the 1889 issue were surcharged 6c, though in 1892 a propel- 6c. stamp was
put on sale in Borneo. It is interesting to note that with the entry of this
country , North Borneo, into the Postal Union Convention, the old practice,
whereby Singapore Hong Kong , and Labuan stamps had to affixed to letters
posted via those ports was ended. From now onwards only B. N. B. stamps, issued
by this Government, were used on all letters posted to places outside the
Territory. It is when we come to the year 1894 that we get what may; be called
the first of the classic issues of our stamps. The issue was designed and
printed, as were all issues in subsequent years, by Messrs. Waterlow And Sons.
The stamps were the lc, (Dyak), 2c, (Sambur deer); 3c, (Sago palm), 5c, (Argus
phesant), 6c, (Arms of the Company), 8c, (a war prahu); 12c, (a crocodile),
18c. (a view of Mt.Kinabalu), 24c, (Arms of the Company with Supporters). In,
the same year, a further issue of the 25c> 50c, $1, and $2 stamps of the
same design as the 1889 -issue, but bearing the. Inscription 'State of North
Borneo', was printed by Messrs. Blades, East and Blades. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The 1894 issue is a most
attractive one, and, but for changes in the frames and borders, is the same as
the issue of 1897. What the reason for the changes introduced in 1897 were,
remains obscure, but they served for several years to ruin the philatelic reputation
of the country. It is true that the 1897 issue bears additional Malay and
Chinese inscriptions of value, that lack of such could hardly have been the
sole cause of the change. In 1900, a 4c, (orang utan) and 1902 a 10c, (Bruang),
and 16ci (Railway train), were printed, which are generally listed with the
1897 issue. The mention of the railway-train is an interesting illustration of
how philately marches with topical events, for the Beaufort-Weston section of
the State Railway had been completed in the year of the issue of the 16 cents
stamp. In 1899, all British Empire countries accepted the Imperial Penny
Postage, and our postage rates were lowered from 6 cents to 4 cents per § oz.
To meet the shortage of 4 cents stamps, there was a surcharge of contemporary
stamps with this value. The number of stamps so surcharged was 10,000 each of
the 5c, 6c, 8c, 12c, 18c, 24c, 25c, 50c, $ 1, $2, $5, and $10 values. In 1888,
North Borneo had received the boon of British Protection, and from 1901 until
1909 all Borneo stamps were overprinted "British Protectorate".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As may be imagined, many errors
in overprinting occurred, and some of the stamps bearing the more uncommon of
these errors have considerable value. From 1st January, 1890 to 1905, the
island of Labuan was administered by the Chartered Company and contemporary
North Borneo stamps, surcharged 'Labuan' were current in that island. But the story
of these stamps more properly belongs to the postal history of Labuan. In 1909,
came the second of the classic issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The stamps then printed are the
same in design as it was currently used in 1935. It is true that in 1927 a
different perforation was introduced, but to the layman, as opposed to the
collector, this makes no difference. The issue has its good and its weak
points, but principally, its longevity has, in fact, restored North Borneo's
reputation among stamps collectors and dealers. In criticism, the one cent
tapir was condemn , of whose existence in North Borneo there is no proof. The
elephant depicted on the 5c, and the cocatoo on the 10c, are not fauna which flourish
in North Borneo to any marked degree, and the megapod shown on the 24c, looks
more like an emu than a megapod. However be this as it may, the issue has been
a most successful one, and is worth a page in every collector's album.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">During the war years [WWI], this
issue was surcharged in various ways to" raise money for the Red Cross. While
serving to fulfil their purpose, these surcharges are also of interest to philatelists,
and many of the stamps, owing to the restricted number of their issue, have
high values. It is interesting to note, that at least two consignments of
stamps, surcharged for Red Cross funds, and consigned from England to North
Borneo, were lost at sea through enemy action. In 1922, when all Malayan
Governments were possibly affected by the same virus, this issue was surcharged
' Malaya- Borneo Exhibition' as a memento of the Exhibition in which our State
participated. The stamps therefore have some sentimental value, but we can only
condemn as purely fictitious, the price this set now fetches in the stamp
market. In 1923, a temporary shortage of 3 cent stamps led to the 4c. stamp
being surcharged 3c. These stamps are catalogued as being worth 2s. 6d. each, and
we know of one lucky person who has at least 150 used specimens. We have
alluded to the 1927 issue. The change in perforation was from 14 to 12£, but
the stamps were materially the same as those of the 1909 issue, the only
changes being, apart from the perforation, that 2 cent stamp was printed in
claret instead of green, that the 18c. was </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">surcharged and issued as the 20c.
And so till 1931, when the Company celebrated the Fiftieth Anniversary of the
granting of its Charter. The new Jubilee issue became current on 1</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">st</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
January, 1931, and remained in circulation till its withdrawal on 31st
December, 1931. The designs were 3c. (Head of Murut), 6c. (Orang utan), 10c. (Dyak
Warrior), 12c. (Mount Kinabalu), 25c. (Clouded leopard), $i, $2, and $5, (the
Arms of the Company). Like all commemoratives, the stamps were on the large
side and somewhat unweildy. Of the values, the $1 stamp, thanks to a good and
well balanced design, is the most handsome. Coming to the lower values, it is interesting
to note that the original of the 3 cent stamp was a photograph taken by Mr. G.
C. Woolley, a former Editor of this paper. On the 6c once more appears an
orang-utan, this time </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">in addition to a more orthodox
spelling of its nomenclature, the facial characteristics of this anthropoid are
really faithfully portrayed. Unless it was in memory of the Dyaks who largely
filled the ranks of the Constabulary in the early days of the Company, we can
assign no good reason for the inclusion of a Dyak warrior (10c) in a set of
North Borneo commemoratives, for it is not North Borneo but Sarawak which is
the Dyak country. The 12c. fails to do justice to Kinabalu, in fact to those
familiar with the </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mis-en-scene, </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">it is a very strange Kinabalu that is
depicted. We suspected that the designer was the same as the person who
designed the snow covered mountain and canoe of savage warriors which appear on
boxes of Darvel cigars, but it is not so. These stamps were withdrawn from
circulation on 31st December, 1931, no remaindering being permitted by the
authorities. Approximately 254,000 Jubilee Stamps of all denominations were
therefore destroyed at the State Treasury, Sandakan, on the last day of 1931,
and later, when all unsold stocks had been received from various outstation Post
Offices and Sub-post offices, a further 25,000 stamps of all denominations were
incinerated on 4</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> February, 1932.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For rounding off the subject,
mention must be made of the postage due stamps, though these are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">only either the current stamps,
or stamps of obsolete issues suitably overprinted 'Postage Due'. A colour change,
more fortituitous than designed, we presume, in the 16c. (hornbill) from black
and brown lake to black and red-brown, has resulted in current stamps of the
latter shade rising to ten shillings each in value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">North Borneo as yet has no air
mail stamps. Inland Air mails however, have been carried on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a few occasions, and a few
covers, franked with a special <i>cachet, </i>exist. The earliest of such air
mails which we have been able to trace was the mail carried from Jesselton to
Kudat on either 2nd or 3rd June, 1930, by one of the flying boats which visited
the State under the command of Squadron Leader G. E. Livock. These covers would
have value only in a highly specialized collection of North Borneo stamps. With
the development of the Air Mail services between Singapore and Europe a local
demand arose for Air Mail labels, and a number of these were printed at the
Government Printing Office, Jesselton, as follows, on 24th February, 1934,
2,500, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">on 16th April, 1934,
5,000 labels. Aerial philately is fast gaining in popularity, and no doubt
these labels will one day acquire value as have the postage stamps of the earlier issues.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb1tmkNBOSShPh7ykND520bbkfUJU-JN7mbyTJdfTKC8_IusC40_OyTv6o55gpWPJfPbnX-BjJs_oVMEsFzX8k6l1ufdEtTJi2jSamMDztgrC2-wCinCVxykn8nGS_Duz_Wu26fdm9NWg/s1600/stamp1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb1tmkNBOSShPh7ykND520bbkfUJU-JN7mbyTJdfTKC8_IusC40_OyTv6o55gpWPJfPbnX-BjJs_oVMEsFzX8k6l1ufdEtTJi2jSamMDztgrC2-wCinCVxykn8nGS_Duz_Wu26fdm9NWg/s1600/stamp1.jpg" height="267" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-48381994471913381812014-09-04T07:57:00.000-07:002014-09-04T07:57:22.570-07:00MISSIONARY BEGINNINGS IN BORNEO.The Theatine monks at Rome have a tradition that, about 300 years ago, Father Ventimiglia, a<br />
venerable Italian priest of their Order, having heard of Borneo from some Portoguese sailors, was moved to go there,and, as far as is known, his was the first attempt ever made to preach the faith in the island. He seems to have obtained the permission of Pope Innocent XI. for his undertaking and, after overcoming many difficulties and much opposition, to have landed at Banjermasin, a place on the south coast of Borneo, now in possession of the Dutch, and outside of the limits of the mission territories with which this paper deals. On landing, he at once consecrated the island to the purity of Our Lady, the Archangel St. Michael and to St. Cajetan,the founder of the religious Order to which he belonged. The annals of the Theatine Order recount that, aided by the gifts of miracles, he succeeded in converting many of the natives to the faith. Absolutely nothing seems to be known as to the time, manner, or place of his death and, at the present day, there is no trace of his work left.<br />
As far as is known, no other attempt to introduce the Catholic faith into Borneo appears to have been made until the year 1857. A few years before that date, Don Carlos Cuarteron, the captain of a Spanish ship, which used to sail between the Philippine Islands and Spain, who had made a fortune by raising a sunken ship in the China Sea, being in great distress and peril, made a vow, promising that if his life were spared, he would become a priest and labour for tho conversion of <b>North Borneo</b>. His life was saved and he kept his vow. After studying a few years in the Propaganda college at Rome, he was ordained priest, and, soon after, named Prefect-Apostolic of <b>Labuan</b> and North Borneo. He arrived at Labuan in the year 1857. He found it impossible, at that time, to get into the interior of Borneo, or to do anything except redeem Christians who had been seized by pirates off the coast of the Philippine Islands and sold as slaves to the Sultan of Brunei and other Mohamedan rulers of places on the Borneo coast. After making several unsuccessful attempts to establish mission stations on the mainland, he settled down on the island of Labuan to wait for more favorable opportunities. There he remained, living in an old shed near the sea shore, until the year 1879. He was then old and feeble and his funds nearly exhausted, but, as he believed the time had come when a successful mission could be started in Borneo, he determined to visit Rome and beg the Pope to send priests out as soon as possible. He reached Rome in 1880 and told his wonderful story to Leo XIII, He then went to his native place, Cadiz, in Spain, and died a short time after his arrival.The Pope at once began to look out for priests to start the Borneo mission afresh and, after some time,applied to Cardinal Vaughan, the founder and Superior General of St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society of Mill Hill, London. The society gladly accepted the task proposed to it. Rev. Fr. Jackson ,who was then in Afghanistan, was appointed Prefect Apostolic.Three young priests, just ordained were sent out from Mill Hill College to join him in beginning the mission. The missionaries reached Borneo in 1881. They were in a state of true apostolic poverty. Hardly any provision had been made for their support, or for the maintenance of their work. They knew nothing about the language, manners and customs of the strange people amongst whom they were to labour. Acting on the advice of some Catholics they had met at Singapore, the missionaries made their way to <b>Kuching</b>, the capital of<b> Sarawak</b>, where they were very kindly treated by his Highness <b>Rajah Brooke</b>, his wife and a few Europeans whom they found residing there. The population of <b>Kuching</b> was then about 20,000, almost equally divided between Malays, all Mohamedans, and Chinese. Among the latter four or five Catholics were discovered. There were no real aboriginal Borneans living at Kuching. After deep consideration it was deemed advisable to establish a mission station at Kuching for work among the Chinese, in order to have a base of operations for the station to be founded in the interior of Sarawak. One of the missionaries was put in charge of this station, and at once began to study the Chinese language, one of the most difficult in the world for a European to acquire. The Rajah kindly gave a piece of ground, upon which a rough shed of unplain planks and roof of leaves was quickly put up, to serve as chapel and school. A little piece was partitioned off for the priest to live in. After a while some Chinese were converted and a small congregation formed. It was soon found, however, that while doing all that was possible to convert adults, the most effectual way of permanently establishing Christianity in a pagan country is by educating and training young children; so schools were started. Day schools would, at first, not answer the purpose, for the children unlearnt, from their pagan relatives and friends at home, the Christianity they had been taught at school. It was, therefore, necessary to get the children to live with the missionary. Gradually a number of little heathen Chinese boys were got together and the first school started. This school has been very successful . Most of the boys who have been brought up in it have eventually become Christians. Some of them have become apostles and have converted their pagan parents and relatives.<br />
When the school was well started, it was thought well to establish one, on the same plan, for Chinese girls. This could only be done by Sisters. One of the Fathers taught the boys, but, it would be against Eastern custom for a man to attempt to teach girls, so, in a little while, with funds begged in England and Ireland, the passage of five of St. Joseph's Missionary Sisters was paid and they went to <b>Kuching</b>, where a convent and school of wood were put up for them, and they began their work among the Chinese women and girls. The Sisters arrived in Borneo in July, 1885. Besides their own special work among the girls and women, they were a very great benefit to the mission in many other ways. A friend gave an old harmonium which was played by one of the Sisters and which, in spite of its age, did very well and greatly added to the solemnity of the services in the chapel.<br />
The Kuching mission has continued to prosper. During the past few years a substantial church and also a large school for boys, both of brick, have been built. A number of former schoolchildren are grown up and married and have settled near the mission-station. Some of the young married men are employed by Rajah Brooke as clerks or in other posts in his government offices. Others are earning their living by practicing the trades of shoe-making, tailoring,etc. ,which were taught to them at the school. This mission has, however, its special trials and difficulties, one of which arises from the fact that a large proportion of the converts made here leave Borneo after a few years, and return to China or wander away to other countries. The Chinese have a wonderful love of their native land, and, however far they may stray from it, return to it after a time, and, if they cannot return to it alive they generally make arrangements for having their bones carried thither after death. It is, however, some consolation to know that most of the Catholic Chinese who have left Kuching have gone to places where there are priests, so that they can still practice their religion. As was stated above, the Chinese station at Kuching was to be a base of operations to serve as a stepping-stone. The real work of the missionaries was to be among the aborigines of Borneo ; savage or semi-savage tribes, as yet untouched by teaching of any kind.but, before any direct missionary work could be started amongst them, it was necessary, first of all, to explore a considerable part of-the country, to find out where the people were living, so as to act prudently in selecting places for stations or centers, and then to learn some of the many unwritten languages spoken by the native tribes. The Rajah strongly recommended them to have, at least one station among a tribe called Dyaks, who live chiefly near a great river known as the Rajang. It was, therefore, arranged that one of the missionaries,<b> Father Dunn</b> , was asked to go to this tribe and learn the language as quickly as possible, while <b>Rev. Fr. Jackson</b> proceeded to the territories just acquired by the <b>British North Borneo Co.</b>, select places for mission stations in<b> North Borneo</b>. He return to Sarawak as soon as Fr. Dunn have learnt enough of the Dyak language to speak to the people, when they would do some exploring together and settle where the stations in the interior of Sarawak should be.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-50683349063812767892014-08-28T01:41:00.000-07:002014-08-28T01:41:26.359-07:00Pangeran Samah & the Gomanton cave ,1883<b>PANGERAN SAMAH</b> was an influential chief of the Dusun tribe known by the name of Buludupihs,<br />
inhabiting the <b>Kinabatangan</b> and <b>Sigaliud</b> rivers principally, but with off shoots settled on the <b>Segama</b> and in the rivers falling into Darvel bay. He was a man of remarkable strength of character for a native, exceedingly self willed and ever ready to resort to open violence or to secret poisoning had he reason to fancy that his wishes were in any way thwarted by another. His father and grandfather had both been remarkable men in their time .The.latter bad been the first to work the rich birds' nests caves of Gomanton, He was executed by bis sovereign, the then <b>Sultan of' Sulu</b>, whose authority he had slighted.<br />
<b>Pangeran Samah</b> himself was supposed to be possessed of the powers of the "Evil Eye" and to be also invulnerable. His descent from well known chiefs and his own remarkable character combined to give him great influence, founded on fear, over the members of bis tribe. This influence the Pangeran. was keen enough to see would be much lessened by the settled form of Government introduced by the Europeans and he watched their peaceful progress with envy and discontent ,and whenever an opportunity occurred of quietly thwarting their wishes his influence was brought to bear in opposing the Government.<br />
The collection of the birds' nests of the Gomanton caves was virtually in his hands, he regulating the<br />
collections at the proper seasons, a matter of the greatest importance, as any delay in commencing<br />
operations may spoil the nests not of one season only, but of several succeeding ones, and the revenues not only of the Government but of the chiefs who share in the proceeds of the nests would be seriously injured.<br />
The Company's Government had acquired from the <b>Sultan of Sulu</b> his large share in the caves, so that it had a principal interest in seeing that the nests were properly collected at the due times and seasons. Knowing this full well, the Pangeran, notwithstanding numerous promises and protestation, year after year unduly delayed the collection to the injury of the interest of the Government and of all others concerned. After patiently waiting for four or five years and finding that the Pangeran steadily neglected to mend his ways , although frequently warned , the Government at last decided as the only feasible alternative ,to take over the collection of the nests into its own hands and to itself pay to the rightful owners their due shares of the amounts realized.<br />
To this arrangement the Pangeran professed to agree and signed a paper to that effect, the Government collectors started for the caves in February last and all was apparently going on peacefully, when reports were brought into the effect that the Pangeran was calling his tribe together to forcibly resist the collection and to fire the caves by igniting the huge deposits of guano they contain and to ruin them, probably for ever.<br />
Steps were immediately taken by the <b>Resident, Mr. Pryer</b>, to protect the caves, and the Governor, accompanied by <b>Chief Inspector de Fontaine</b>, Mr.<b>W. R. Flint</b> and 30 men of the Constabulary,visited the Pangeran at Melapi on 12th February. The Governor, attended by Mr. Flint, attempted to interview the Pangeran alone, but was refused permission to enter the house, the occupants of which were armed with firearms and 'sumpitans'. The Pangeran, however, came to his door, but, though the Governor pledged his word that no harm should happen to him, refused to meet him in a friendly manner or to disarm his followers. After, long colloquy , it was found impossible to bring the Pangeran to reason.<br />
To leave the Pangeran and his armed followers master of the situation would have been interpreted by the ignorant natives as a sign of weakness and timidity of the Europeans government and might have induced a rising in which they certainly would have been easily overthrown , but which would have resulted in innocent blood being shed on both sides. <b>Chief Inspector de Fontaine </b>was therefore ordered to take what measures he thought necessary for arresting the Pangeran . The Constabulary were brought forward and the men informed that a reward would be given to anyone securing the Pangeran <i>alive</i>.<br />
When within about twenty yards of the house the Pangeran and his few men opened fire on the Constabulary, descending from the house for that purpose. The Pangeran himself was armed with a<br />
repeating rifle. Some top qf the Constabulary, who could be got into line (the Pangeran's house being<br />
surrounded by those of Chinese, and Sulu traders) returned the fire and after a skirmish of fifteen minutes the Buludupihs fled, carrying with them the dead body of the Pangeran and one of his followers and leaving one dead on the ground. One of the Constabulary, a Sikh, was at an early stage shot right through both thighs, the ball passing clean through without touching the bone. Another Sikh was struck on the shoulder.<br />
The body of the Pangeran was subsequently recovered and it was seen he had been struck by three bullets. He died fighting like a brave man.<br />
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-22931907280880362472014-08-27T05:00:00.002-07:002014-08-27T05:00:47.862-07:00Retirement of Pangeran Osman<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">The 1st July 1937 ,marked the retirement of </span><strong style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Pangeran Osman bin Pangeran Omar</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">, Deputy Assistant District Officer, Tenom, after having served the Government for twenty-eight and a half years. The Pangeran, who is a Brunei by birth and is connected with the Royal Family of Brunei, commenced his service as Native Clerk, Sipitang, as far back as the 1st</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">January, 1909.On the 1st January, 1912, he was appointed Native Chief, Sipitang, where his father, Pangeran Haji Omar, had settled some years previously. Pangeran Osman, as the Native Chief of the Sipitang district,proved very successful, earning the respect and goodwill both of the people and of the Administrative Officers with whom he came into contact.In 1919, the Pangeran was appointed Deputy Assistant District Officer, Labuk and Sugut district, and held that appointment till August, 1924. From the Labuk, the Pangeran was transferred to the Kinabatangan district where he served for a little over two years, " controlling," as his Resident said, " his district with great ability and tact. November of 1926 saw the Pangeran back again in Labuk and Sugut district where he was stationed until March of 1928, when he was transferred to Penampang. It was at Penampang that the Pangeran compiled(as we surmise, at Mr. G. C. Woolley's requestor suggestion ) his book on Dusun Custom in Putatan District, which was printed at the Government Printing Office in 1932. After a spell of a little over four and a half years at Penamparig, Pangeran Osman was transferred to<strong>Tuaran </strong>as Deputy Assistant District Officer. At Tuaran ,the Pangeran made no bones about travelling and, in spite of his age which was then close on fifty,he made many a trip up and down the Tuaran ulu.In 1935 the Pangerah's son's (<strong>Pangeran Omar Ali Saiffuldin</strong>) nuptials were celebrated with great <em>éclats</em> at Brunei —the Pangeran having been granted three months' leave to visit Brunei to arrange his marriage.One is happy to relate that Pangeran Omar Ali has now entered the Government service and one can only wish that he will emulate his worthy father.The Pangeran's last appointment was Deputy Assistant District Officer, Tenom, but recently he has been suffering from malaria and applied to be allowed to retire on the grounds of ill health. </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-57900020436199092072014-08-24T06:24:00.000-07:002014-08-24T06:24:42.550-07:00Opium <div class="userContentWrapper aboveUnitContent" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15.359999656677246px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px;">
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<span class="userContent"></span>"Let me show you where this "golden rain" comes from. The two principal sources of revenue of the British North Borneo Company are opium and gambling. Suppose that you come with me for a stroll down the Jalan Tiga in Sandakan and see the gaming houses and the opium dens for yourself."<br />
~ E Alexander Powell<br />
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<span class="userContent">The greatest obstacle to the successful development of Borneo's enormous natural resources is the labor problem. The truth of the matter is that life in these tropical islands is too easy for the natives' own good. In a land where a man has no need for clothing, being, indeed, more comfortable without it; where he can pick his food from the trees or catch it with small effort in the sea; and where bamboos and nipa are all the materials required for a perfectly satisfactory dw<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">elling, there is no incentive for work. It being impossible, therefore, to depend on native labor, the company has been forced to import large numbers of coolies from China. These coolies, whom the labor agents attract with promises of high wages, a delightful climate, unlimited opium, and other things dear to the Chinese heart, are employed under an indenture system, the duration of their contracts being limited by law to three hundred days. That sounds, on the face of it, like a safeguard against peonage. The trouble is, however, that it is easily circumvented. Here is the way it works in practice. Shortly after the laborer reaches the plantation where he is to be employed he is given an advance on his pay, frequently amounting to thirty Singapore dollars, which he is [64]encouraged to dissipate in the opium dens and gambling houses maintained on the plantation. Any one who has any knowledge of the Chinese coolie will realize how temperamentally incapable he is of resistance where opium and gambling are concerned. This pernicious system of advances has the effect, as it is intended to have, of chaining the laborer to the plantation by debt. For the first advance is usually followed by a second, and sometimes by a third, and to this debit column are added the charges made for food, for medical attendance, for opium, and for purchases made at the plantation store, so that, upon the expiration of his three-hundred-day contract, the laborer almost invariably owes his employer a debt which he is quite unable to pay. As he cannot obtain employment elsewhere in the colony under these conditions, he is faced with the alternative of being shipped back to China a pauper or of signing another contract. There is no breaking of the law by the planter, you see: the laborer is perfectly free to leave when his contract has expired—as free as any man can be who is absolutely penniless.</span></span><br />
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A patron of a Sandakan opium farm -<br />
( Each smoker is provided with a lamp for heating his "pill" and a wooden head-rest )<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-71964610419451347042014-08-17T09:07:00.000-07:002014-08-17T09:07:37.480-07:00British North Borneo Chartered CompanyThough the first intervention of the British Government in the Borneo sphere dates from 1847, with the occupation of the Island of Labuan, it was only in 1882 that British North Borneo as it then exists became English under a royal charter—a position which was further strengthened in 1888 by the declaration of Her Majesty's Government that the territory was under British protection, and then it was that the official title of State of North Borneo was assumed. As a rule the public hears a great more of the advantages conferred by a royal charter than of the responsibilities which it imposes; but the latter are very heavy—'heavier, indeed, than the duties attached to any other form of government; for they are of a threefold nature. In the first place, the Chartered Company is answerable to the Empire by whom it is entrusted with the government of the country over which the charter is granted - a duty involving the extension to those regions of the principles of justice and equality for which the British race has become proverbial. This in itself, is a weighty task in a country such as Borneo was in 1882. The savage tribes inhabiting Borneo had to be conciliated or conquered, laws had to be promulgated, courts of justice to be provided , in fact, the whole mechanism of a modern civilized Government had to be created ab ovo .<br />
Till the late 19th century ,they do so stand after as short a time ,shows that the State of North Borneo has fulfilled its trust towards the Empire. Not alone, however, has the trust been punctiliously fulfilled, but the State has not cost the taxpayer of the United Kingdom a single penny ,one of those happy exceptions proving the rule. On the contrary, England is deriving a yearly increasing benefit from the incorporation of British North Borneo amongst her possessions; for the trade of the protectorate is steadily growing.England has every reason to be proud of it's protectorate state, which not only has been its own bread-winner since its earliest infancy, but is already, though perhaps in only a small measure, contributing to the increase of the parent's wealth. In the second place, the Chartered Company is in no less degree responsible to the inhabitants of the country itself. These are represented in Borneo by the natives,Europeans, and Chinese.<br />
The natives have not only acquiesced in English rule, but have proved by their peaceful intercourse with the white population that they appreciate the benefits of English civilization. The Chinese immigration is assuming greater proportions year by year; for in Borneo the China man meets with kindness, heir services are appreciated, and they finds ready and profitable employment, either in the cultivation of their own fields or in the tobacco plantations and other kindred industries, whilst practically the only tax to which they were subject to was that on their pet vice, opium smoking, from which the public Exchequer of the State derives an increasing revenue. As to the white man, they were subject to no taxation: saving the small duties on exports and imports. Indeed ,the first settlers who were mostly engage in the tobacco or the timber business, met with initial reverses. The tide has turned so far as the tobacco industry is concerned; for, .even if they leave out of their calculations the handsome dividend paid by the New London Borneo Tobacco Company, the importance of the tobacco plantations is proved by the rapid growth of the yearly exports. As for the timber business; China,has been the great market for Borneo hard woods; an unshaken confidence to a great revival and an era of prosperity in this particular branch of industry.<br />
In 1882 a large tract of territory in British North Borneo was vested in the Chartered Company of British.North Borneo. By the efforts of the directors the original area has since been considerably increased. In 1884 they acquired the Putatan and Padas districts, the latter of which was a most important acquisition. The following year was not less fruitful, bringing, as it did, to the Chartered Company the Kawang River and the Mantanani Islands, while in 1898 an arrangement was made with the Sultan of Brunei for the transfer to the company of all his sovereign rights over extensive districts lying north of the Padas river ; altogether then, the Charter covers an area of no less than 30,000 square miles. But to possess land was not the only aim of the Chartered Company; it had to be made productive. The coast has been studded center of population, whilst in the interior also there are trade settlements of growing importance, and in many parts the jungle has given place to the tobacco or sago field. As the development of such territories is impossible without means of communication, many miles of telegraph lines have been laid, numerous roads have been made, and a system of miles of railway was being constructed.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-90287693195160557302014-08-13T00:25:00.002-07:002014-09-10T04:49:27.762-07:00Pak Musah<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[ Excerpts from the British North Borneo Herald ]</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2<sup>nd</sup> June 1908<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">WE regret to have to report that
on the 4th inst. Paitan Station near Jambongan was attacked and raided, the
facts at the time of going to press are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">" I t appears that on the
2nd inst. L. C. 299 Kehar Singh together with.P. O. 450 Anjun proceeded to Kampong
Batangan to serve a warrant to arrest one <b>Kalahari</b>
who had openly disobeyed the orders of the D. O.' The two police were
accompanied by one <b>Musah</b> a close
relative of <b>Kalakau</b>'s and another
native. At 4 o'clock the same afternoon <b>Musah</b>
and his companion </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">return to the Police Station hut
neither L. C. Kehar Singh or P. (). 450 Anjun came back and </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> informed P. O. 187 Pagat Singh
that they had been killed, when attempting to serve the warrant on Kalakau. Apparently
when Musah returned to the Police Station at Paitan he attempted to ascend the
steps of the house hut before doing so Pagat Singh told him to lay down </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">his weapon, a parang, which he
did. He, </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, then entered the
Police Station and seized Pagat Singh's rifle, clubbing him with it from
behind, he theft made a slashing blow at him with his parang cutting him across
the right shoulder and back. He fell down and managed to crawl into the jungle,
and took protection in the house of one Urai, who managed to get him away in </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">his prahu to Trusan Sugut where
he gave information for what had occurred to the L. C. in charge. Pagat Singh
was subsequently brought to Sandakan where he is now being attended by the
P.M.O. Musah' and his followers numbering about forty males in all have looted
all the ‘kedeis’ at Simpangan (Paitan) they also took three Government rifles
and ammunition from the </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Police Station. Active measures
are being taken and it is to be hoped that the offenders will soon be caught.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The list of casualties is as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">L. C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">P.O.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">299 Kehar Singh killed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">450 Anjun „<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">„ 194 Ongkoh „<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">„ 187 Pagat Singh wounded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">P. C. Pagat Singh in Sandakan
Hospital is, we are glad to say on the high road to recovery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Later News:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">—Mr. Brackenbury
the D. ()., reconnoitring with 4 Dyaks came into touch with Musah's gang who
fired on him wounding one Dyak. Captain Bond and 37 police arrived at Jambongan
by the s.s. <i>Labuan </i>on the 14th inst.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Paitan
Expedition.16<sup>th</sup> June 1908<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Paitan Expediton has for the
present " fizzled out." <b>Musah</b>
and his few followers have evidently got no fight in them, and have managed to
disappear entirely among the innumerable little mangrove backwaters in Paitan
Bay. The Ag. Commandant with about 40 native Police, and the District Officer
with Haji Salahudin and some, thirty or forty armed followers have
"quartered" the neighbourhood for a weary fortnight with ho success,
and now some of the </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">police have been withdrawn, Capt,
Bond has returned to Headquarters and a detachment of Dyaks from the West Coast
is being sent to assist Mr. Brackenbury in his search. .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As far as is known, Musah,
Kalakau, with some 20 followers, and a number of women-and children are hiding
in boats, subsisting on the' spoil from the looted shops. This state of affairs
caunot last indefinitely, and it is a little difficult to see what Musah's next
move will be. He is ah " Orang Sungei," or river man, and even were
he not hampered; with his women folk he would hardly face the sea voyage to the
nearest islands, where from all accounts he would not receive a friendly reception,
even if he dodged the boats which are watching the Bay. The District will be
kept well covered by patrols, which will serve the double purpose of harassing
Musah, and putting a little courage into the native chiefs, who at present seem
to he quite ready to fall on their knees at the sight of a weapon and cry"
Take my money but spare, my life." Rewards of </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">§200 for Musah, 8100 for Kalakau
and some minor sums for small fry, have been widely advertised, and the capture
of the gang ought to be an easy matter as soon as they are compelled by hunger
to disclose their whereabouts. Mr. Hard wick has been sent to Klagan to carry
on routine work, and so leave Mr. Brackenbury quite free to continue his
search. H. E. the Governor visited Jambongan on 26th and 27th to discuss the
situation with Capt Bond, who returned with His Excellency to Sandakan,
arriving just in time to catch the mailboat for Jesselton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">PAITAN EXPEDITION.
17thAug 1908<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We are in possession of the
particulars of the attack on Musah's camp, which were not received when we
published the telegraphic report of Kalakau's death in our last issue. It
appears that after some days of hard tracking, the punitive force, under Wing Officer
Mr. Prevost accompanied by Messrs. Brackenbury and Hardwick, found themselves
on Sunday 26th ult., in the near
vicinity of the rebels. An advance was made as quietly as possible through the
dense jungle, the police opening fire as soon as the rough camp could be
sighted through the trees. The rebels returned the fire for a short time,
wounding two police, and then took to the jungle in all directions, rendering
pursuit for the moment useless. In the camp were found 2 rifles, 16 parangs, 7
spears, 5 blow-pipes and some ammunition for the rifles, besides a quantity of
cooking pots and other impedimenta. The bodies of Kalakau and others were found
on the spot, and evidence showed that several rebels had been wounded, one of
whom, shot through the lungs, was picked up shortly afterwards. The officer in
command reports with regret that a woman and three children were amongst the
killed, having been shot in the first volleys before the camp could be clearly
seen. The escape of the bulk of the rebels was largely due to the fact that it
was impossible to fire volleys into them when they retreated, as a number of
them were carrying or leading women and children. The camp was in the heart of
the jungle, far away from any village or other habitation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Some days after the attack a
Chinese woman, one of those taken captive by the rebels at Paitan, found her
way to the police camp, and reported that Musah himself was among those wounded
in the fight of 26th, having received three bullet wounds. It has not yet been ascertained
whether be has succumbed to his injuries. Wing Officer Mr. Prevost has returned
to Headquarters and Messrs. Brackenbury and Hardwick, with police, are
following up the small parties of rebels, whom it is anticipated will all be
brought to book within the next few weeks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">On Aug 19<sup>th</sup> 1908, in
Telaga ,there were rumors current that Musah had been seen or heard of in that
locality and that he was being assisted by the local natives, one Kadanding of
Neruntong being strongly suspected. Musah is a native of this part of the
country having only migrated to Paitan comparatively lately. He appears to be
related to everyone. Kadanding ,also a Dusun named Tangkub of Radup was
arrested , both strenuously denied knowing anything of the rebels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kadanding however thought better
of the matter and confessed to knowing where a party of them under Dieun,
Musah's younger brother were. He further acknowledged having supplied them with
food saying that one Siku had acted as go-between. Siku was also arrested and
offered to lead us to the place where he had last seen the rebels. This he did
with the result that we surprised them, shot one, took two prisoners, and
wounded a fourth who however escaped. The party consisted of about nine men
with some women and children. Two women and three children were found in the
jungle and were sent back to Paitan later. This took place at Lagatan about two
hours walk from Neruntong or Inaruntong as it is marked on the map. Regarding
Tangkub I was informed by one of his people that he and Digadong-Bakar had
harboured </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah at Radup for several days
and had threatened to kill anyone who informed Government of the fact. Digadong-Bakar
has been sent into Kudat Gaol bv Mr. Brackenbury.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Till Sept 1<sup>st</sup> 1908 ,MESSRS.
BRACKENBURY AND KOUGH are still " bushwhacking " in the Paitan
District after Musah and his merry men, but up to the present without any success.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oct
1<sup>st</sup>1908<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Two of Musah's lieutenants and
two other rebels have surrendered to Mr. Brackenbury. This leaves Musah with a
very small following, probably numbering not more than a dozen men all told. Mr,
Brackenbury is now operating in a district said to be famous for leeches and
thorn' bushes. His transfer to Lahad Datu will no doubt come as a welcome
change to him after nearly three months of ' bush whacking' in most difficult country.
Mr. Kough, who relieves him, will continue the chase after Musah, and, it is
hoped, will soon bring him to book.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">From June18th to practically the
end of July ,time was taken up in going from village to village with Police in
search of Musah's party without success. All the villages between Bengkoka and
Jambongan Bay were visited including Talun, the place where Mr. Braekenbury was
fired at. The s.s. <i>Chantek</i> arrived at Kuala Talun on June 22nd, Captain Bond
and Mr. Braekenbury being on board. I found, their knowledge of Musah's
whereabouts was on a par with my own, amounting to nothing. Awal the head man
of Talun is by no means above suspicion of cornplicity. The natives in this
part of the country are a wretched lot, they appear to shift their villages
about every second year and make very large clearings from which the very
poorest results are obtained. A large proportion of them don't even make the
pretence of planting padi being contented with " mealies" and sugar
cane, the amount of timber destroyed by them is </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">enormous. Mr. Braekenbury ,for a
second time on July 2nd was near Kuala Paitan, he being in the </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chantek </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and
was for several days chiefly in the vicinity of the Kaindangan river near where
Musah's boats and "sulaps" were discovered. After first leaving
Kusilat the native tracks were very much overgrown and hard to find, they soon
improved however owing to the constant passing to and fro of police and
coolies. The country is nearly all under big jungle and- swarms with leeches. A
trained 'tight-rope walker would find great scope for his abilities in getting
along the logs which constitute the paths in many places, a most pleasant form
of travelling especially in the early morning while the dew is still on them. In
Paitan on July 23rd having passed through Apad' and Tangkarasan. Apad consists
of one house the inhabitants of which were all sick. They asked me for medicine
and they got it, the "kampong
" is deserted. At Paitan there are several Indian police under Sergt. Alia
Singh. It appears that in the second attack there, only a few shots were fired
by Musah's people, probably a small party " spying out the land." At
the time the, </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chantek</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> was at Batangan , able to get back to Talun in her
next day. News was received on July 2 th of the death of Kalakau and others
they having been successfully rushed by the police under Mr. Brackenbury, Prevost,
and Hardwick.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Labuk
and Sugut<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Having handed over the station
business to Mr. Woods I left Bandau on October 8th in the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">s.s <i>Cliantel;</i> arriving at
Kudat-about noon.— I met Mr Brackenbury in Kudat and loft with him for Talun at
3 p.m. the same day. After steaming for about an hour the " serang"
decided to return to Kudat the weather proving too bad. We left at 3 next
morning and after a rough trip reached Talun at 1 p.m.. The launch left again
about an hour afterwards for Klagan with Mr. Brackenbury. The police stationed
at Talun had no news of Musah or of any of his following. I left Talun for
Paitan on October 13<sup>th</sup>1908, this journey as a rule takes about 20
hours. At the time of my arrival I found about one hundred males at Paitan all
engaged in rebuilding their village on the site chosen for them. No news of
Musah's whereabouts was forthcoming but as Hadji Ali, who is acting as Chief
there, seemed to think it likely that he might be in the vicinity of Kupi (Ulu
Paitan) I sent a police patrol there, They were able to find out no news of any
value. Taking </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hadji Ali with me , I started for
the Sugut on October 20th 1908,arriving at Sungei-Sungei the "same day,
the distance being less than I expected to find it (roughly about six hours),
The Chinese traders there seem to be doing a fair business in rattans and other
jungle produce but they complain, as usual, that prices are down. The corporal
in charge of the station, who also acts as Clerk, appears to be rather
incompetent. One of the police was sick so I gave orders for him to be sent to
the coast by the first opportunity. While I was at Sungei- Sungei news was
received of the Tangkulap " Amok." , Messages were sent to the
various stations warning them to be on the lookout for the murderer. After returning
to Paitan from Sugut I visited several villages and made a. trip to Talun and
Jambongan Lama. While at Talun Hadji wrote informing me that two people,
arrested by Sergt. Niun in the " Ulu " Kunanan, had
given"information regarding Musah and his following. I returned to Paitan
at once. The prisoners proved to </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irigan</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
and a youth named </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Andu </b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">both of whom have been with </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah </b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">from the start though not in an
active capacity. They stated that Musah's party consisted of four as follows:—</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah, Pasekun ,Tunggal and Mundut</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> with
four rifles (one damaged) and very little ammunition. They further, stated that
these rebels had made a prolonged stay in the vicinity of Kati's village and
were probably still there. This information was confirmed by </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pangkain</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> the headman of an upcountry
village who happened to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">be at Paitan at the time. <b>Ausa</b> and <b>Yetam</b> who took part in the raid were also said to be somewhere in
the locality. I started with police and coolies up the Kuanan river on November
2<sup>nd</sup>1908 , Kati's village being reached on the 4th about mid-day, <b>Kati </b>being arrested at once. He proved
to be the toughest thing in the way of Dusuns that I have as yet had experience
of and his lying was a work of art. He was quite horrified to hear that a raid
had been made on the Paitan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">station (five months before) and
was loud in his denunciations of these so lacking in respect to the Government as
to take part in such an act of defiance. He is a particularly powerful man and
speaks Malay quite well. </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> he
had never heard of and as to his being in that locality the supposition was
more than ridiculous. A night spent in handcuffs brought him to his bearings
somewhat and he acknowledged having met Musah on several occasions with three
followers </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(armed) and two women, an
interesting item of news being that Mrs, Musah had presented her husband—with </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">twins</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">! Four runaways from Paitan were
found in this village and sent back. Several days hunting round the neighborhood
revealed nothing but some old camping places. One </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Epil</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> was arrested near one of them. This man escaped from custody during the
attack at Leasin. As a liar he is not far behind </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kati</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. On November 10</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1908, 'news was received that Aura
had been captured by Dusuns and had been handed over to the police at
Sungei-Sungei. It was </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aura</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> who
wounded P. C. Pagat Singh during the attack on the station. I left Segt. Niun
with a party of police at Telusus (" Ulu " Sungei-Sungei) with orders
that if he could do no good there to proceed to Lingkabau as rumour had it that
</span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> would probably make in that direction
.and myself went down river to the station. Having taken over Corporal Anais
accounts and cash I </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">proceeded to Paitan arriving
there about 2 p.m., November 17</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1908. At Paitan I met Mr. Hardwick
who had arrived the same morning. I was able to get through some business with
Mr: Hardwick uext day and sent - theTudian police under Sergt. Alia Singh into
Kudat with ammunition and money as their services are no longer required at
Paitun. Leaving there at 9 p.m.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">November 18<sup>th</sup>1908 I got to Trusan next night having called in
at Tanjong Semangat on the way. The Trusan accounts, took me two days to
collect. Some minor repairs are required to the Trusan buildings. At Tetebuan I
found some trouble existing between the Chinese shopkeepers and the Indian
Clerk there, Mal Singh, which later formed the subject of a Court case at
Klagan. This Clerk Mal Singh, does not appear- to me to be at all suitable, one
reason being that his knowledge of writing is practically nil. I met Penglima
Ijul for the first time. At Klagan I found the station neat and clean which
reflects credit on Sergt. Bhatter Singh who has looked after it well during the
D. O.'s lengthy absence. Joseph, the Clerk, had his office in good order also.
Up to the end of November and during December, my time was taken up at Court
work and general office routine. A good many large dollars have been brought
in, also Hong kong and other copper all of which have been forwarded to
Sandakan. There have been a fair number of Civil cases to deal with. The
natives have followed the good old established custom of getting as large an
advance as possible out of the Chinese traders on the understanding that they
will repay in jungle produce. If they do take, the trouble to go into the
jungle, which appears to he rare, whatever produce they bring out is sold to
the first buyer they meet and the Chinaman left lamenting. The Tidong dictum
that it is infra dig to work for pay is evidently extended to embrace the
repayment of debts. Mr. Hardwick came across from the Sugut on December<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13<sup>th</sup>1908, he reports
the country through which he has been looking for a trace for a ‘rentis’ as
very difficult; he has however been able to cut through as far as the Bongaya
river. H. E. the Governor paid a flying visit in the <i>Petrel </i>on December
loth only staying at Klagan for two hours ; Mr. and Mrs. McEnroe accompanied
H.E. despite the setback given to the district by the Paitan disturbances it
appears that the 1908 revenue will be little, if at all, behind that estimated
for the </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">year. I expect the estimate for
Foil-Tax to be exceeded by some eight hundred dollars. During October 1908 the
weather was passable but in November and December hopeless. In December rain
fell every, day. On December 30th and 31</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">st</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1908 the station was under
water. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The services of a launch not
being available, during January 1909 ,I could not visit the outlying islands,
the N.E. monsoon being too strong to allow of boat work. Sugut and Paitan were
visited by me in February. I went overland from Klagan as a report on the
nature of the country between the Labuk and Sugut rivers was required with a
view to connecting them by bridle-path. By " overland " I do not wish
to convoy the idea that one can walk from Klagan to the Sugut , it is only
after proceeding up the Labuk and Sugut rivers for a whole day that walking (or
rather climbing) can be commenced. The going is very rough and hilly and, as I
have already reported, the construction of a bridle path would be a matter of
great difficulty and expense. All was well at both Sungei-Sungei and Paitan. At
Paitan there is now quite a large village. Hadji Ali has been appointed chief
of same , he also acts as cleric, There were several rumours of Musah and some
of his followers having been seen at various points. Unless these people are
being assisted by trio villagers they must be reduced to the lowest ebb. The
rifle formerly in the possession of Diun has been recovered ,it was found
hidden in a hollow log. Two men, <b>Subad</b>
and <b>Yawi </b>surrendered themselves to
the police during January1909 , they
both took a minor part in the raid on the </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">station. The extra police under
Sergt. Niun have been relieved by a similar number under Corp. Jemang. They are
on the hunt continually. Quite a comfortable rest house has been put up at
Paitan which has been frequently visited-by Mr, Hardwick during the 1</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">st</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
quarter. While I was at Sungei-Sungei some women and children comprising the
family of one </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gatam</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (a raider) were
brought in in a most emaciated and dirty condition. They had been hiding in the
jungle for months and stated that they had had great difficulty in procuring
food. The choice was their own. From facts that are coming to light it appears
likely that the raid will he traced </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">to </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">a conspiracy having Urai, the Government
paid chief, as its head, Musah being merely Urai's " cat's paw." The
collection of evidence will however be a long and difficult undertaking. At
Sungei Sungei every thing was as it should he ,the frequent visits of Mr.
Hardwick to the "Ulu" Sugut are having a good effect. At Trusan there
have been complaints by the Chinese as to the conduct of the Indian </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">police there. Lance Corp. Kehar
Singh, who also acted as clerk, has been dismissed the police force with
ignominy Being guilty of gross impertinence to Mr. Hardwick the Assistant D. 0.
Nakodah Anggau has been suspended for dishonest practices, one Juan taking his place
pro : tem: (N. Anggau was,Govt. Chief at Paranchangan). I paid a visit to the
"Ulu" Labuk in </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March1909 . Beyond the beauty of
its scenery the river has little to commend it, the population being thin and widely
scattered. Nakodah Sibat ,Govt. Chief at Telupid, seems to be an intelligent man.
In this district however a higher value is set on activity than on
intelligence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">On the 17thFeb1909, I arrived back
at Sungei-Sungei and learnt that Mr. Kough arrived here on- the 11<sup>th</sup>
and on the loth left for Paitan and so I awaited his return here. He arrived on
the 19th. From then to the 24th we were busy<i> </i>at various work and on the 25<sup>th</sup>
left for Klagan via the new ‘rentis’ which goes as far as the river Bongaya. We
reached Klagan-oh the 27th, the coolies being quite knocked up. I remained at
Klagan until the 4th March as I was desirous of getting my mails and on the 5th
left for Sungei-Sungei via<i> </i>the Basai-Pamatadan track and arrived at my </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">headquarters on the 7th at 9 p.m.
Here I received various reports that the Linkabau Dusuns, especially Diminsa
the headman of village Penampong, are constantly helping " Musah and
Co."' and as they have of old a most indifferent reputation I intend to proceed
thither on the 12th. I shall also look into the case of Urai who is supposed to
have gone there in 1907 for the purpose of inciting the Dusuns to attack the Government
,the signal for action being the attack first on Paitan Police Station. I also
received news here that a dead man, who is supposed to be </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Faring</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, one of Musah's followers, had been found near Tangkerasan near
Paitan Station. I omitted to mention that during my absence on the Ulu Sugut;
Gitam (who is one of the worst characters with Musah and who cut the throat of
Lance Corporal Kahar Singh) was on the Ulu Talidusan. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mr. Kough sent men to look but
Gitam was away from the camp at the time and so only his wife and children and
various relations were there, all of whom were brought in. I am very confident
of coming across Gitam's whereabouts somewhere-on the Ulu Linkabau as be has
consistently kept there, numerous friends helping him.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">May
1909<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The District Officer , Mr N
.Kough Labuk reports that he visited Sugut and Paitim in company with Mr. C.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Skinner, who is learning district
work under his supervision. The district was quiet and nothing of importance
transpired. The usualrumours as to Musah's whereabouts were received but did
not lead to any results. The Police patrol follow up all these reports, and
though in every case, up to the present, the bird has flown, they are enabled
to bring in to justice the headmen of the villages which have given him
shelter. The preliminary trace for the bridle path between Paitan and
Sungei-Sungei was about two-thirds finished. The District Officer walked over
it aud states that it will greatly facilitate communication. It passes through
broken country, but with a few deviations to avoid difficult places, the walk
between the two stations will be reduced to one of only four hours.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">With Mr. Skinner, I started for.
the Sugut on the morning of the 1st, getting as far as Basai that day. We found
the Tungud river very low and wore lucky in getting so far in one day. The dry
state of the path made walking quite pleasant and leeches scarce. We got to
Pomutudun (Sugut) about 1 p.m. on the 2nd and to Sungei-Sungei the same night.
I learnt from letters received from Paitan that a body found in the jungle (which
some time ago I reported to Resident as most probably being Aring's) was not
his, but that of <b>Pasekun</b>. Both <b>Aring</b> and <b>Pasekun</b> took part in the Paitan raid but <b>Pasekun</b> was the more important of the two us he took part in the murders
and afterwards carried a rifle. A reward of $100 had been offered for <b>Pasekun</b>. On May 8th we went on to
Paitan using the old route ; I hope in my ease for the last time. This journey which
usually occupies six hours took us eleven. The streams on the Paitan side were
almost stagnant. I </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">have it to say for Hadji Ali, the
headman there, that he always has the place looking tidy. The rest house is quite
a comfortable place with a neat landing-stage and flagstaff and has a smart
appearance to which a lot of cuttings of flowers and shrubs supplied from
Klagan should add. 1 heard at Paitan that Musah and Mualas had been heard of
near kampong Liku, the people of which were assisting him with food. I at once
sent Corp, Gimang with police and a local Sajan named Dali, who has throughout
been of assistance, to Liku, from, which place they had but lately returned,
with orders to arrest </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tinimbang</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,
said to-be the chief of those giving assistance. He was found in a shop at
Kusilat and did point out to the police where </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> had been </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(needless to remark some little
time previously). I was unable to go upcountry myself owing to a bad font. I have
had no further news from Liku but understand that Mr. Woods, D.O., Marudu has
visited the place. There were a few trivial cases at Paitan and I tried to get together
some evidence in Government vs. </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Urai</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.
It appears that in 1907 he went up the Lingkabau R. (a </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tributary'of the Sugut) and put
tentative questions to the Dusuns as to what attitude they would take in the event
of there being a rising against the Government by the people of other rivers.
They had the good sense to tell him they would take no part as they remembered the
trouble, they had got themselves into during the </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Md. Salleh</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> disturbances. In my opinion this man </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Urai </b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">engineered the whole affair. It
appears that bo was at loggerheads with the Sikh clerk. When </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">the first two police were
murdered he, although armed with a double-barrelled rifle, looked calmly on,
making no effort to assist them. Nor did he warn the two police remaining at
the police station as he could have done, While at Paitan; Hadji Ali showed me
a letter from the clerk Kehar Singh dated May 4th 1908. This was written to Hadji
Ali who was then on the Sugut and in it the clerk stated that </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> had made known his intention of
making trouble so, if this letter is a true one, the police have only themselves
to blame for their unpreparedness, I paid my first visit to Dalamas village on
the 14th and 15th of May1909. It is a neat little place. The Sajans have a few
houses near the landing place and further inland there are about fifteen "
Orang-Sungei "houses laid out in a proper line. The traces of old timber workings
are still to be seen. A </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘rentis’, fourteen feet wide, has
been cut during May between Paitan and Sungei-Sungei, I walked over it on May
17</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> it being then about
two-thirds finisher! and,/although going slowly with frequent stops, the journey
took only six hours. It passes through fairly broken country but I am sure can
he shortened and improved upon enough to render the journey a four hours matter.
Leaving Sungei-Sungei on the 22</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">nd</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> we arrived at Trusan next
forenoon. The trip took </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">about 21 hours and is most
uninteresting. There is not a single house between the two! places and the
monotony is only broken by an occasional glimpse of wild pig or "
Orang-Sungei" rotan-hunter. There wus little to do at Trusan beyond paying
the. police and,, looking in to the accounts. The place wears its everyday dead
and alive look of inactivity. One thing-to be said for </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Trusan is that abundance of sea
fish of the best quality can usually be obtained thore. I parted from Mr. Skinner
at Trusan, he returning to Sungei-Sungei, I proceeding to Tanjong-Semangat at
which place I received the news of the sentences passed on the Paitan raiders
in Sandakan. They seem to he very fitting. Leaving Tanjong-Semangat at
day-break on the 27th in the Government "sapit" with a fair wind I
was able to stop at Tetabuan, take over the accounts there and still </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">get well up the Labuk river
before dark. This may be considered a </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">good </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">trip. I arrived back at Klagan
earlv on the morning of May. 28th. Mr. RW. Clarke came up river in the s.s </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cavarron
</i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">during the month and proceeded to Telupid and thence to where his Company is
working on the Kurumuak. I was absent when Mr Clarke passed through but
understand that he finds it more convenient to reach Kurumuak via the Labuk then
via the Ktnabatangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">IN his monthly report for July
the D. O. Labuk and Sugut gives the following account of the hunt after the
rebel <b>Musah</b> :—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">"Under the guidance of <b>Mualas</b> we proceeded to the Tangkarasan
river on July 7th in search of <b>Musah</b>.
On arrival at the so called landing place a wait of some four hours was
necessary, the tide being too high to allow of landing. When it did drop, some
150 yards of " n i p a h " swamp had to be negotiated, a feat monkeys
might well envy, before solid ground was reached. Next day a start was made for
Musah's hiding place which was reached after about four hours </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">of most difficult walking through
swamps the whole way. It is perhaps unnecessary to state that we found the
place deserted; it had the appearance of having been so for some six days. The
" sulaps," three in number, were built on a small hill which had been
partially cleared for planting. There is a plentiful supply of fresh water and
had Musah once established himself there I think it most unlikely that his
hiding-place would ever have been found, we certainly would never have found it
without a guide. We returned to Liku thinking it most likely that </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> would go there looking for food.
The return journey from the " sulaps" to the place where we had left
our boats was accomplished in torrential rain which, with the accompaniment of scores
of leeches on every part of one's person, never fails to add a zest to outings
of this kind. Every effort has been made to remove or destroy all the potatoes
at the now deserted village of Liku as, until this is done, </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Musah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> will be able to
procure food with the minimum of risk of being captured. It is a considerable
undertaking as the clearing is a very large one."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">On the 23rd, Mr. Lambert
telephoned from Mempakad that two Bajaus had arrived overnight from Limawan
with sensational' news to the effect that Hadji Salihudin, the Imaum at Kudat
had received word that his brother Hadji Ali (the Paitan clerk) had been shot
and the ' t u a 'wounded by Musah ! Luckily, I knew Hadji Ali happened to have
only just left Kusilad, and the same day he removed all doubt by appearing in
person at Limawan. The origin of the fallacious report remains a mystery, and
affords a typical instance of the unreliability 6f native rumours. Curiously enough
Hadji Ali managed to reverse the story of his death by catching Musah's younger
brother,-<b>Mualas </b>and a man named <b>Aring</b>. This reduces the rebel party to
three, namely <b>Mandut, Ambak and Musah</b>
who has one rifle with only five rounds of ammunition left. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">From the District reports for
July and August1909, the district of Labuk and Sugut appears to be quiet and prosperous.
The D; O. anticipates that this year's revenue will well exceed the estimated
amount. The presence of the rebel <b>Musah</b>.in
the District still provides much extra </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">work although t h e man is a
fugitive without followers. Mr. Kough sends a graphic description of one of his
many fruitless journeys through almost impassable country in search of the
rebel, and reports that he is still pursuing the policy of punishing every
chief and other person convicted of harboring or assisting him. An indication
that the end is not far off is evidenced </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">by a whisper from </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> which reached the D. 0. through
many hands to the effect that he would surrender on condition of his life being
spared. No promise of clemency can, however, be made. The Paitan—Sungei-Sungei
bridle path construction has commenced, the preliminary track through the
jungle being finished during June. Work will be slow and tedious until the
natives have become more experienced in the handling of their digging tools.
The D.O. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">reports that the. people regard
the newly cut trace with great favour, being under the impression that it has been
opened for the sole object of enabling them to get their rotan out easily.
Although this result will eventually be obtained, they have had to be taught that
teams of heavily laden buffaloes are not exactly the traffic for a newly
constructed path. Mr. G. C. Woollett was attached to the district on 8th July
for instruction. During August, the D. O. accompanied by</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mr, Woollett did the round trip
from Klagan to the Sugut, up river- as far as—Perancangan and across to Ulu
Labuk by Tutong, returning to Klagan by boat. This trip occupied most of the
month. Mr. R. W. Clarke having kindly lent s.s . <i>Canarvon </i>the D. O. was enabled
to visit t h e Timber workings on the Sapi River. An important paragraph in Mr.
Kough's report is one </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">in which he states that the mouth
of the Sugut river is rapidly silting up, and that even the small tongkangs used
by the Chinese traders are now finding difficulty in entering the river. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mr Skinner in his report for Oct
1909 ,police patrol sent out under Corp.Sumping found no signs of </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> or his following in the direction
of Kusilad. While at Sungei-Sungei I received a report to the effect that one
of the Chinese traders there (Ah Goo) was cognizant of Musah's whereabouts.' When
taxed with having this knowledge he at first flatly denied it but afterwards
admitted having learnt from the son of one of Musah's followers that Musah was not
far away from Paitan. He had kept this information to himself for some
considerable time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Labuk
and Sugut ,December 1909<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">My time was occupied at Paitan
from December 1st to December 9th by Court work and other matters.
Investigation proved what had already been suspected, namely that the Paitan
people had been systematically assisting <b>Musah</b>
and his following with food and shelter. That such a state of affairs was existing
under their very noses reflects no great credit on the police. Acting on the
information received from two youths, who acted as guides, a police patrol was
sent into the jungle on the 4th. They were successful in finding some "
sulaps " that had the appearance </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">of having been hut lately
occupied (i.e. about four hours previously) which points to the fact that the
occupants had been warned by some Paitan people. That these people hang
together as they do is accounted for by the fact that they are almost all
related to each other in some manner. The " sulaps " mentioned were
only about five hours march, from the station. Several times during the early
part of the month suspicious characters were seen hanging about the village at
night </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and there were several eases of
thefts of rice from the road coolies " sulaps." Two local Chinese
traders are suspected of having screened </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
from arrest. They are both claimants for compensation from Government for
losses incurred at the time of the raid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Labuk
and Sugut ,April 1910<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">THE D.O. Labuk and Sugut reports
that on 22<sup>nd</sup> April the wives of <b>Musah</b>
it with two children </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">gaye themselves up at the Paitan
Office stating that </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> had
teldthem to do.eo as he, was unable to feed them any longer.On the 25</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
April, a report was received to the
effect that </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> .had been seen
about one hour's walk from Paitan ,and on the 26</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> April ,the D.O.
(N.Kough) went with Police and native allies and located a party of 3 rebels
with a rifle. </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pasekun</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, one of the
murderers of L.C. Kahar Singh was shot and the, rifle captured. Latawan and, a
son of' </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pasikun</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> was captured but </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mandut</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> escaped. In the evening a boy
named </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ali</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, a son of </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> came to the village and gave
himself up stating that he was afraid to stay in the jungle alone. Enquiries 'show
the </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">' himself was not with the party.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The new office was occupied on
the 19th being then practically completed. The building is a most substantial
one and should last many years. A new office was badly required as the February
floods had put the finishing touch on the old one. The work was done by a
Sandakan contractor, Lai Fat, who commenced on March 14th. The floor is eleven
feet off the ground. In company with Mr. Sommerville, who had reported his
arrival at the beginning of the month </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">as Cadet attached, I visited
Monad, Tetabuan, (twice) and Samawang between the dates April 12</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-16</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
1910. A few matters had to be gone into at Tetabuan chiefly connected with
breaches of the Mahommedan marriage customs. As Emams are plentiful and as each
has some different "adat" it is at times difficult to arrive at the
correct state of affairs. The seed-pearl fishing has been suspended for some
months' owing to lack of mature oysters. A new office is being built at
Tetabuan. Samawang was visited only for the purpose of speaking on the
telephone in the hope of being. able to procure a launch to take me to Paitan
from which place had received news that Musah and his people had been in
evidence lately., No launch was available. I arrived at Sungei-Sungei on the
evening of the 21</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">st</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> having left Klagan on the previous day. What is
known as the Basai ‘rentis’ has lately been cleaned which simplifies the
journey considerably. The Sugut river was lower than I have ever seen it
before. The police at Sungei appear to have suffered a good deal from dysentery
in a mild form. This I attribute entirely to their carelessness with regard to
their drinking water. I checked the accounts and left for Paitan on the 23rd.
As I have already reported, the wives of </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Musah
</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mandut </b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">with three children
gave themselves up at the Paitan office on the 22nd; </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pasikun</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, one of the original murderers, was shot on the 26</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
and his rifle and remaining rounds retaken. A man named </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Latawan</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> was captured. This leaves only one rifle and about 12
rounds to be accounted for. It is a mild satisfaction to learn from the
prisoners that never from the very start of things have they relaxed their vigilance
in the slightest degree. It appears that' the merest rumour that the police
were on the .move-was sufficient to cause them to abandon, what to them must have
been lands of plenty, and to make for the heart of the jungle. As an instance
of what they have been living on, we found near the place where Pasikun was shot
traces of a monkey and a small tortoise having been cooked in a piece of
bamboo. This formed one days food for three men. I had a good deal of criminal work
to go into at Paitan including a charge against a Chinese trader of having
collected Poll-Tax from upcountry natives and appropriating the same to his own
use. Eight local natives received varying terms of imprisonment for "
harbouring and assisting." The young rubber plants at Paitan look healthy
and ate growing fast. I was still there at the end of the month. Mr. R. W.
Clarke passed through Klagan on his way back from Karang. Mr. Joseph reported
his return from leave on April 23rd.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As has been reported in the month
of August 1910 ,the Paitan police failed to avail themselves of the best
opportunity that has as yet been afforded them of bringing <b>Musah</b> to book , three of them pissed him clean at some twenty-five
yards. Since then not even the merest rumor has been heard of him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjpTWSdVP129uqGrVLbrymEazpu5Nj_qo0jyjPNCujFpvcPfho2lWrhd2ASzmY94XaBkU9g0VEHfAtMNC4eOSd8GFef6S-BrGlVoekK4gDMVs17iwyrGt27s8qNNCccDymsfYoIe1Jjx4/s1600/musa.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjpTWSdVP129uqGrVLbrymEazpu5Nj_qo0jyjPNCujFpvcPfho2lWrhd2ASzmY94XaBkU9g0VEHfAtMNC4eOSd8GFef6S-BrGlVoekK4gDMVs17iwyrGt27s8qNNCccDymsfYoIe1Jjx4/s1600/musa.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[ Pak Musah ]</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-79073271905588615492014-08-04T07:46:00.000-07:002014-08-04T07:46:00.439-07:00The Origins and Formation of Malaysia<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The formation of Malaysia may appear to
have been the completion of unfinished business and the last, rather
predictable, chapter in the history of colonial empire in Southeast Asian. It
came at the end of a spate of decolonization by the Macmillan government and at
a time when European powers were generally eager to detach themselves from
overseas dependencies if, indeed, they had not already done so. In fact, the
principal components of the Malaysia project had previously passed beyond
colonialism: Malaya had been independent since 31 August 1957 and, although
sovereignty over Singapore lay with Britain until its transfer to Malaysia, the
island enjoyed internal self-government from June 1959. Brunei (which had been
expected to join the federation until the Sultan pulled out on the eve of the
signing ceremony) was a protected state with its own sovereign ruler and,
therefore, beyond British jurisdiction. <b>Of
the participating countries, only North Borneo and Sarawak were crown colonies,
and, in a manner of speaking, only North Borneo and Sarawak were being
decolonized.</b> <b>Indeed, as the final
touches were put to Malaysia, the British presented it to the United Nations,
not as a new state, but as an extension of an existing member-state, that is to
say an extension of the independent Federation of Malaya </b>to which Sabah
(North Borneo), Sarawak and Singapore merely acceded. In short, the creation of
Malaysia appears to have been an un-dramatic piece of house-keeping, an
operation to tidy up the remnants of empire. But the documents expose another,
rougher side to the story: one in which policy making snagged on the
contradictions of multiple objectives; one in which Britain was buffeted by the
conflicting demands of local politicians and interventions from outside; one in
which events frequently brought planning to a standstill and deadlock fostered
despondency; one in which resistance was met by guile or coercion, and the
prospect of failure provoked desperate measures; one in which not all of
Britain's objectives were fulfilled while some of its fears were realized. <b>Indeed, the Malaysia that was inaugurated
on 16 September 1963 failed wholly to satisfy any of the parties to it It was
neither forged through nationalist struggle, nor did it reflect a homogeneous
national identity. Rather it was the product of grudging compromise and
underpinned by only fragile guarantees</b>; its formation was peppered with
resistance and that it came into being at all was regarded by many at the time
as a close-run thing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">~ A J Stockwell ,</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Institute of Commonwealth Studies</span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-19663556539610855252014-08-02T07:03:00.002-07:002014-08-02T07:03:53.721-07:00'Konfrantasi'<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">On 20 January, 1963, Dr. Subandrio announced that his country was adopting a policy of 'confrontation' towards Malaya pertaining the 'Malaysia plan'. It became clear soon after the tripartite Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila in June 1963 that the Indonesians did not feel themselves committed to accept anything less than a referendum in Borneo. Dr. Subandrio was soothing, but the Defence Minist</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">er, General Nasution, made plain his disapproval. He was Quoted as saying that ..."There have been various interpretations given to the Foreign Ministers' Meeting ... , but to us this is a matter of principle. We oppose Malaysia because it is 'neo-colonialism'; that confrontation would continue; and that 'We will assist our brothers in North Borneo to attain their right to self-determination."<br />Meanwhile, the benefits of Malaysia to the British looked uncertain. The 'Grand Design' turned out to be trouble, almost more trouble than it was worth. Britain was encumbered with the embarrassing obligation to protect the micro-state of Brunei. Moreover,Singapore's separation in August 1965 seemed a disaster, since the British government had always regarded the merger of Malaya and Singapore as the principal advantage of Malaysia, if not its raison d'etre.<br />Constrained by circumstances beyond British control, plans were deflected by events and the outcome fell short of expectations in several respects. As inauguration day drew near, 'Malaysia plan' was placed in jeopardy by greater or lesser crises: unresolved disputes between Malaya and Singapore; a last-minute hitch in the relations between Malaya and Sarawak; the United Nations mission to Borneo; Indonesian 'Confrontation'; an attempt by Kelantan to win an injunction against the implementation of the Malaysia Act Indeed, a nation-state had yet to be fashioned from Britain's former dependencies and in the following years resentment of control from Kuala Lumpur would fester in Sabah and Sarawak and force Singapore to secede.</span><br />
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">[ the first experimental hovercraft,SRN-5,tested in Tawau during the 'Konfrantasi' ,courtesy of Australian War Museum]</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-89368086239518964382014-08-02T06:37:00.001-07:002014-08-02T06:37:52.752-07:00Sandakan , post-war<div class="MsoNormal">
“There is still a certain enforced simplicity about life in
North Borneo. There is no newspaper , the Government printing press was
destroyed in the war. There are very few telephones and they are seldom in
order . There is a mail once in ten days , if the aeroplane manages to call .
The radio is little used , for the electricity supply is so weak and the
transmitting stations so far away that few sets produce anything audible .
North Borneo can , in fact , be recommended for those who wish to retire from
the world . But there are drawbacks . There is a very poor water supply and
medical services are primitive.”</div>
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A brief description of North Borneo by UNESCO visiting the
west coast from Jesselton , both north and south , and fly across the island to
Sandakan on the 11<sup>th</sup> march 1948.</div>
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[ Sandakan airport in the 1950's ]</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-48559919352047879602014-08-02T06:10:00.001-07:002014-08-02T06:10:44.739-07:00British North Borneo~folklore,religion & custom.The collection of Dusun,Bajau and Illanun stories was made in the years 1910 and 1911,during parts of which Ivor H N Evans was stationed in two adjoining districts of Tuaran and Tempassuk ; while material contained in the paper ,that on customs and beliefs of the 'orang dusun' , was collected partly at the same time as the folk-stories ,partly on a short visit by Ivor to the Tempassuk district in 1915.<br />
The Tempassuk is inhibited by three different peoples ,the Dusuns,the Bajaus and Illanuns , and it is chiefly from the first of these that the tales have been collected ; for , since both Bajaus and Illanuns are Mohamedans , their folklore is not nearly so extensive as that of their Dusun neighbors , who are pagans. The Mohamedans, roughly speaking , form the coastal and estuarine population, while the Dusuns, with the exception of those of a few large villages on the plains, which border on the Bajau zone, are confined to the foot hills and mountainous portion of the area. The Tuaran district is divided between Bajaus and Dusuns , but here Illanuns are wanting.<br />
It would seem that the Dusuns are the original inhabitants of the country ,and that the Bajaus and Illanuns ,are later arrivals who have driven the first named inland. This is known to be a fact in the case of the Illanuns ,who are a tribe of Mindanao in the Philippines ; of whom small roving parties have settled in Borneo. The origin of the Bajaus ,[in Tempassuk they call themselves "Sama"], unknown , but they are widely spread along the coast of North Borneo. However , as far as the Tempassuk is concerned, tradition asserts that they first came in trading boats from the direction of Kudat , and eventually fought the Dusuns and formed settlements in the country.<br />
It is often said by Europeans resident in North Borneo , without ,sufficient evidence ,that the Dusuns have a large admixture of Chinese blood . 'Orang Dusun' , which literally means 'people of the orchard' , is a name originally used by the Malays to denote large sections of natives population of British North Borneo, which they considered to be of similar habit and culture . The term is loose but useful and has consequently been adopted by Europeans.<br />
Ivor H N Evans noted that in those parts of the country he had visited , the Dusuns ,cannot be said that they have any tribal organization, the village community being the unit .In the Tempassuk district,the Dusuns style themselves '<i>Tindal</i>', while that the upcountry Tuaran natives do the same . Around Tuaran settlement,however, they seem to call themselves '<i>Suong Lotud</i>',[people of the country; i.e. the developed country as opposed to the jungle]. These Tuaran villages differ somewhat in their customs from the Tempassuk natives.<br />
It must be understood that in these writings , i merely deal with Ivor H N Evans notes of the Tempassuk district and with the villages immediately surrounding the Government post at Tuaran back in 1910 till 1915.<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-90558447474587613342014-08-01T09:24:00.000-07:002014-08-01T09:24:53.994-07:00Cloth made of 'lamba' ,or bark-threadThe materials from which Dusun cloth is made are lamba , the fibre of a species of wild banana, cotton, or thread made from some kind of tree-bark. These may either be mixed — e,g, a cloth may have a warp of lamha and a woof of cotton or bark-thread — or used singly. When finished, the cloth is dyed with native indigo and is then ready for making up into the skirts, hoods or trousers or which it is chiefly intended. Cloth is not woven in the villages around Tuaran, but cloth-weaving is general in the Dusun villages of the Tempassuk, and also in the upland villages of the Tuaran district. Some very fine cloths are made by the Rungus who live outside the Tempassuk district in the direction of Kudat; these have elaborate patterns in white on a black background and are sometimes further ornamented by the insertion of a few strands of red thread". — Ivor H. N. Evans<br />
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When i was in Kota Belud ,an elder told me that in the olden days they used to beat tree bark to flatten it to make clothes. Also, a manually operated weaving instrument was used ~ but alas, this art has lost and very few have practice the skills. For beauty sake, young girls had to have their teeth filed (which was not a pleasant experience) by their parents .Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-57374756509052893372014-08-01T09:06:00.002-07:002014-08-01T09:06:49.943-07:00Nabalu ,or [peng-alu-an], the Dusun afterworldIn the past, the Dusuns, as do some of the tribes and people in North Borneo , believe that the souls of the dead ascend a mountain , and , as Kinabalu ,or better ,Nabalu, towers up the height of about 13,500ft, dominating the whole Tempassuk District and indeed ,the country many miles beyond it ,what could be more natural than for them to choose this magnificent mountain for the resort of departed souls ? They believe however ,that the ghost of the dead may linger near their former homes before undertaking their journey , for, in the lowland villages of Tempassuk [Kota Belud] ,when a death has occurred,the old women weep and cry aloud to the spirit of the deceased ,since they are afraid that if the ghost were to loiter near the village it would do the survivors some mischief. With an object of preventing the soul's return , the bamboo bier on which the corpse has been carried is sometimes cut to pieces at the grave side , while that in some lowland villages mourners on returning from a funeral slash with their chopping knives at the step of the house and the door of the room in which a death has occurred.<br />
Since Nabalu is the home of the dead, a ceremony has to be performed ,and offerings made, before its ascent can be undertaken by human beings. In addition ,those who climb the mountain must not use its ordinary name while on it, but must refer to it as 'agayoh ngaran' ,which means 'big name'.<br />
Whilst in the interior part of the Kinabatangan [William B Pryer ,1898] ,the most objectionable custom practiced by the dusuns was that of human sacrifice or "surmungup" as they called it ; the ostensible reason seems to have been to send messages to dead relatives , and to this end they used to get a slave ,usually one bought for the purpose , tie him up and bind him round with cloths,and then after some preliminary dance and singing , one after another they would stick a spear a little way -an inch or so- into his body , each one sending a message to his deceased relatives/friends as he did so. There was even more difficulty in getting them to abandon this custom than there was to leave head hunting. Down in the south-east of North Borneo ,the Tidong way of managing "surmungup" is for a lot of them to subscribe till the price of a slave is raised , he is then bought , tied up , and all the subscribers grasping simultaneously a long spear , it is thrust through him at once. Another custom worth mentioning were of the Tunbunwhas ,that was embalming of the dead. ; this is done with the valuable Borneo camphor ,abundant in the woods in their neighborhood ,more particularly on the Kinabatangan; the coffins are hewn out of a solid piece of 'billian'.<br />
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[ The Kwijau or Kuijau are an indigenous ethnic group residing in the Interior Division of North Borneo , to the west and north of Keningau.<br />
- A Kwijau grave at Apin Apin , courtesy of the National Archive , U,K.]<br />
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[ Dusun grave at Kampong Keranaan, Tambunan , courtesy of the National Archive , U,K.]<br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-56574528936310644612014-08-01T00:31:00.000-07:002014-08-01T00:31:50.199-07:00Borneo political reactions to 'Greater Malaysia Plan' [July 9 ~ July 15 1961]Political leaders in the Borneo Territories have commented on the general outline of the Greater Malaysia Plan described by Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya ,Tunku Abdul Rahman , during his visit to Brunei and Sarawak.<br />
The Tunku made it clear that he would like to see Sarawak,North Borneo and Brunei become States of Malaya and had the following points to make ;<br />
~ that it would be difficult for the Borneo territories to be independent on their own without having the necessary resources to meet the cost involved and to develop their countries.<br />
~ that in coming in as states of Malaya , they "would enjoy absolute equality" with the other autonomous states.<br />
~ that they would also enjoy the same privileges and benefits as the other states and that money would go towards their development.<br />
~ that there was no need for the Borneo territories to form a federation and achieve independence before joining in with Malaya.<br />
The first reaction in Borneo to the Plan came from the Sarawak United People's Party which , in a statement issued in Kuching on July 8th 1961, said that any question of federation with Malaya by Sarawak should be postponed until after independence had been achieved.<br />
The Party went on to say that it would welcome any assistance from Malaya or from any other country in its fight for independence and that it would be prepared to take part in any meeting , such as that was suggested by the Socialist Front of Malaya ,to examine the implications of the Plan.<br />
A joint statement was next issued in Jesselton [Kota Kinabalu] by Ong Kee Hui,chairman of Sarawak United People's Party ; A.M. Azahari, President of the Parti Rakyat Brunei ; and Donald Stephen, a prominent North Borneo leader, who is taking a leading part in the formation of his country's first political party.<br />
They said ; " We met in Jesselton to discuss and consider current political developments which affect the three territories . We believe that it is vitally important that the constitutional advance in the three territories should be speed up and with this in view , elections should be held in the territories where an undertaking has been given by the Governments concerned so that the legitimate aspirations of the people for political advancement can be satisfied. We further agreed that there should be frequent exchange of views and discussions on matters of common interest by political leaders of Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo. It was agreed that a United Front should be taken on this important matter and that the British Government should be advise that so far as the wishes of the people of the three territories can be ascertained , any plan in accordance with the pronouncements made by Tunku Abdul Rahman in Brunei and Sarawak would be totally unacceptable to the people of the three territories."Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-78086150041375230252014-07-31T09:55:00.000-07:002014-07-31T09:55:46.597-07:00# 97 . National Archive , co 10301987, no 1128 . 19 Mar 1962<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">
<b>[CO officials drafted for the secretary of state a long rejection of the Tunku's allegations which was eventually submitted to the prime minister in an abbreviated form. They argued that the Tunku's conduct was dangerously unacceptable and, in his brief for ministerial discussions of this, MaudJing's private secretary pointed out: 'we cannot bounce Borneo on the basis of the Tunku's present thinking; these are not just a bunch of head-hunters who </b><b>have no ideas at all, or whose views can be ignored; we are all in favour of Greater Malaysia but it will have to be handled with more finesse than the Tunku is showing' (CO 10301987, no 1146) While CO officials pressed for a strong ministerial riposte, however, the CRO was inclined to let the matter drop, and following discussion in the Cabinet Greater Malaysia Committee on 21 Mar, it was decided to take the matter no further with the Tunku (see 98).]</b></div>
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I promised you my comments on the Tunku's attack on Borneo civil servants and also to send you Cobbold's note of his preliminary impressions of the prospects for Malaysia. I enclose a copy of his note.</div>
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2. The Tunku's accusation that British officials in North Borneo are sabotaging our plans for Malaysia and are at most apathetic is quite unjustified. We have this from the Governor/ there has been the statement by the President of the North Borneo Civil Servants' Association of which I attach a copy,3 and I have personal confirmation of what they say from Sir John Martin, who spent most of January in Borneo and made it his particular business to talk to as many British officials as he could meet· All this is now confirmed in unequivocal terms by Cobbold in his two telegrams C.67 and G.68,5 the background to which is in his note.</div>
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3. The administrations in Borneo are not being paternalistic but realistic. They are entirely with us in wanting to see Malaysia brought about But, as Cobbold says, the people do not feel themselves blood brothers to the Malays and, if there is to be a marriage, and it is to survive, it will have to be one of mutual convenience. That means that the terms will have to be acceptable to the peoples in Borneo.</div>
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4. There is in fact no hope of an early and successful Greater Malaysia without British Officials. That is a particular reason why the Tunku's outburst is so unfortunate. The officers will stay on when the territories cease to be British colonies only if they want to stay. Some will go anyway-this always happens-but the urge to go will be greatly increased if it is made clear by this sort of public attack that they are not trusted by their future Prime Minister.</div>
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5. We have got to get the points in the two preceding paragraphs across to the Tunku if there is to be hope of Malaysia. My first thought is that this could best be done in a message from you to the Tunku. A draft is being prepared which will be available for our discussion on Wednesday.</div>
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6. I am not commenting here in any detail on Cobbold's note-as he says he may change his views completely. In general it contains no real surprises. A transitional stage, as he suggests, with sovereignty handed over, but much responsibility remaining with us, is a possibility we have thought of, but it would of course be very</div>
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difficult to work in practice. I see Cobbold does not feel the need for legal advice yet-he will certainly need it on this sort of thing when the Commission come to write their report.</div>
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7. The only other point I would comment on here is his suggestion that there should be a Governmental conference not more than two months after his report, which he hopes to get out before the end of May (that would mean the end of July or August for the conference). I very much doubt if two months would be long enough for printing, translation and dissemination in the territories and debates in their legislatures and for our own and the Malayan Government's consideration. I would think September a more likely time.</div>
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8. I am sending copies of this minute and its enclosure to the Lord Chancellor, the Foreign Secretary, the Commonwealth Secretary and Minister of Defence.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-52120048969388977792014-07-31T09:52:00.000-07:002014-07-31T09:52:40.589-07:00# 96. National Archive , co 1030/987, no 1108 12 Mar 1962<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">
<b>[The Tunku's accusations that British colonial servants in Borneo were hampering preparations for Malaysia, were printed in the Straits Times and reached the British press too. In a follow-up telegram on the same day, Tory informed the CRO that the Tunku was 'unrepentant' while Wong Pow Nee and Ghazali (the Malayan members of the Cobbold Commission) were complaining of 'rude treatment in North Borneo'. In asking the secretary of state for an explanation, Macmillan wondered whether the attack was 'really a manoeuvre by the Tunku to forestall Communist criticism' (Macmillan to Maudling, 12 Mar 1962, CO 10301987, no 1112). Drawing upon material written at the time, Ghazali Shafie has described warm receptions in Sarawak and North Borneo and attributed such 'rudeness' there was on the part of local people to their coaching by die-hard British expatriates, see Memoir, pp 197-229.]</b></div>
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Today's Straits Times publishes following front page report of interview with Tunku 11th March under banner headlines 'British Civil Servants in Borneo territories hampering Malaysia' 'Tengku accuses' 'Resident snubs Ghazali, Wong.</div>
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Tengku Abdul Rahman today accused British civil servants in Borneo territories of hampering Malaysia. Tenku said 'British civil servants in Borneo territories can do a lot to influence people, especially natives, because of their high position. 'However, they are very antagonistic towards Malaysia. They have now been persuaded not to take an active part in opposing Malaysia. Instead, they have adopted an apathetic attitude' he stressed that 'opinion' of British civil servants in Borneo territories did not count as far as he was concerned as he had already obtained agreement of the British Government to Malaysia concept 'I do realise necessity that they (British civil servants) should not be allowed to influence natives, like Malays and Dyaks.' 'The British civil servants in their position can do a lot of harm,' he said. Tengku said that a British resident in North Borneo had snubbed Malayan members of Cobbold Commission at a cocktail party 'in full view of everybody'. He said 'So bitter was the British civil servants opposition to Malaysia that when Wong Pow Nee and Ghazali were leaving the party, the British resident involved did not have courtesy or politeness, as one would expect from a British official in high position, to stand up and bid guests farewell'. Tengku added 'When matter was reported to me personally by Dato Wong and Inche Ghazali on their return to Kuala Lumpur last week, I was really very annoyed at this complete lack of courtesy, politeness and good manners on part of the host'. He would bring this to notice of Governor. Tunku said that, beside British civil servants, people in Borneo territories opposing Malaysia were Chinese people and businessmen, and British merchants. He recalled that various Chinese millionaires were opposed to Merdekal fearing chaos and disaster but no single Chinese in Malaya did not agree with Malayan independence now. Look at their wealth. Regarding British businessmen in Borneo territories opposing Malaysia, Tengku said he could not understand their attitude 'these people merely want to cling to their possessions without due regard for changing situation'. North Borneo had not been an easy place to push forward concept of Malaysia but it had dedicated people like Donald Stephens and Dato Mustapha who believed in Malaysia. Danger facing Borneo territories was 'clear enough for everyone to see'. 'I don't have to repeat it time and again. We can all see threat of Communists. If I did not see this danger I would not be bothered with other territories like Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei and North Borneo. 'Why should I really bother with these territories, if I did not see the danger ahead for us and for them. I am happy to have Malaya which is rich, prosperous and enjoying peace and security.' Dealing with Singapore, which might require 'some special attention' he said he was certain that Singapore could not become an independent country. 'Singapore finds it a bit hard to accept merger terms because it has always regarded itself as a little China' he said.</div>
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~ Keith Wookey ,Sandakan Resident , & Tunku Abd Rahman during a visit to Sandakan after a failed attempt by Ghazali Shafie to promote the Malaysia Plan ,also known as the 'Grand Design'</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-39189357845732057882014-07-31T09:31:00.000-07:002014-07-31T09:31:21.883-07:00Lord Lansdowne on preparations to implement Malaysia through the Inter-Governmental Committee.<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">
<b>Report on visit to North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei by the minister </b><b>of state for colonial affairs from 14 August to 30 August, 1962': report </b><b>by Lord Lansdowne on preparations to implement Malaysia through </b><b>the Inter-Governmental Committee.</b></div>
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CAB 134/1951, GM(62)42 10 Sept 1962.</div>
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[The agreement of 31 July 1962 (see 140), to bring about a Federation of Malaysia by 31 Aug 1963, required an Inter-Governmental Committee to work out the future constitutional arrangements and necessary safeguards for North Borneo and Sarawak. As Lansdowne reports here, however, the London announcement came 'as a great shock' to North Borneo. On 13-14 Aug Donald Stephens convened a meeting of political leaders who drew up a fourteen-point (later twenty-point) programme of minimum demands. These Twenty Points gained weight by attracting support in Sarawak and went far beyond what the Malayans had conceded at the London talks in July. Although North Borneo's Legislative Council and Sarawak's Council Negri agreed to the principle of Malaysia (on 12 and 26 Sept respectively), they did so on condition that state rights were safeguarded. The IGC was chaired by Lord Lansdowne, with Tun Razak as deputy chairman, and had representatives from Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak. There were no members from Singapore while Brunei sent observers. Lansdowne and Razak visited Borneo in Aug (as reported in this document) and at a preparatory meeting of the IGC in Jesselton on 30 Aug fIve sub-committees are set up. The sub-committees (all chaired up by Sir John Martin) covered constitutional, fiscal, legal and Judicial matters, public service, and departmental organisation. H P Hall and T J O'Brien, who was seconded from the British high commission in KL, serviced the IGC. The first sub-committee met on 8 Oct and plenary sessions were held on 22:-24 Oct, 23-26 Nov and 18-20 Dec , after which remaining points of detail were remitted to an ad hoc committee of specialists. Deadlock almost occurred over financial issues and development aid but these matters were eventually resolved. As regards constitutional relations, although they failed to secure an Initial seven-year period during which legislative power should remain within the state (rather than being delegated to it), North Borneo and Sarawak won a number of safeguards which could not be changed by the federal government without the concurrence of the state government. To prevent amendment of the federal constitution, however, they would require a two-thirds majority in the federal house of representatives which they could achieve only by voting together and also in concert with Singapore. Lansdowne's interim reports went to the Greater Malaysia (Official) Committee, see 146. The final report was initialled on 22 Jan 1963 and published on 27 Feb as Malaysia: Report of the Inter-Governmental Committee, 1962 (Cmnd 1954). The Council Negri of Sarawak adopted its recommendations on 8 Mar and North Borneo's Legislative Council followed suit on 13 Mar (CO 1030/1032; CO 1030/1050; COl030/1052, no 73; CO 103011053-1057, 1065-1067; GM(62)44 and GM(62)46, CAB 13411951; DO 1891259; FO 3711169694, nos 10 and 11).]</div>
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On 1st August, it was announced in Parliament that the British and Malayan Governments had decided in principle that the proposed Federation of Malaysia should be brought into being by 31st August, 1963. It was also announced that detailed constitutional arrangements, including safeguards for the special interests of North Borneo and Sarawak, would be drawn up after consultation with the legislatures of the two territories. An Intergovernmental Committee was to be established as soon as possible on which the British, Malayan, North Borneo and Sarawak Governments would be represented. The task of the Intergovernmental Committee, of which I was to be Chairman, would be to work out the future constitutional arrangements and the form of the necessary safeguards for the two territories.</div>
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2. I arrived in Jesselton on 14th August and was joined at Kuching on 18th August by Tun Abdul Razak, the Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya.</div>
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3. The primary purpose of our visit was to set up the Intergovernmental Committee, but first it was necessary to promote acceptance of the early date for Malaysia and also to attempt to allay the anxieties, both of the people and of the British officers, over what appeared to many of them as a Malayan 'take-over'. We therefore travelled the territories extensively and with our Malayan colleagues met as many of the leaders of the people as possible and talked also with the expatriate and locally employed officers. At our meetings we explained the concept of Malaysia and described how the Intergovernmental Committee would work. We listened to a great number of opinions on special safeguards for the territories. We emphasized that we were not a repeat order of the Cobbold Commission and explained that it was the responsibility of the representatives of the four Governments in the Intergovernmental Committee to work out the form of the necessary safeguards.</div>
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4. Mr. PhiIip Rogers· in my party was specifically charged with the task of discussing a compensation scheme with the British expatriate officers.</div>
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5. At the London talks, the territories were represented by the Governor of North Borneo, Sir William Goode and the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Alexander Waddell. Unfortunately, Sir Alexander WaddeII had to remain in London owing to illness. Sir William Goode returned to North Borneo on 3rd August and was able to do a lot to take the edge off the consternation caused by the London decision. Nevertheless, when we arrived in Jesselton, it was still clear that the London announcement had come as a great shock.</div>
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6. In our numerous meetings, all our conversations were directed towards correcting the basic misconception that Her Majesty's Government was about to sanction a Malayan 'take-over' and that the progress and happiness of the peoples of the territories were being sacrificed to world politics. Although much had been done by British officers to popularize the concept of Malaysia, even amongst people who were in favour of it there were grave misgivings about the speed with which it was being brought about. As our tour proceeded, and with the help of good publicity, there was a general improvement in attitude. Both the concept of Malaysia and its early date gained more general acceptance. But this acceptance was conditional upon the Intergovernmental Committee agreeing constitutional arrangements which would meet the anxieties and aspirations of the territories.</div>
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7. The improvement in the political climate could not have been brought about without the consistent help and tactful guidance of Sir William Goode and Mr. Jakeway, the Officer Administering the Government of Sarawak. Equally our mission could have achieved no success without the co-operation of Tun Razak and his colleagues. Although this British-Malayan mission has helped to restore confidence, it is my opinion that the negotiations in the Intergovernmental Committee will require the most careful handling.</div>
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8. The main problems with which the Intergovernmental Committee will have to</div>
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deal are:-</div>
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(a) Freedom of religion.</div>
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(b) English as an official language and medium of instruction.</div>
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(c) Heads of the States and their eligibility for Headship of the Federation.</div>
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(d) Representation in Federal legislature.</div>
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(e) Division of financial control between Federal and State legislatures.</div>
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(0 Funds for development</div>
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(g) Control of immigration.</div>
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(h) Citizenship.</div>
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(i) Degree of State autonomy within the Federation.</div>
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(j) Safeguards against future amendment to Federation and State constitutions.</div>
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Views were expressed both orally and in memoranda on all these subjects, and by the end of our tour the North Borneo political parties had agreed a joint memorandum outlining their views. It seems likely that the political parties in Sarawak will also attempt to reach an agreed line. The only organized political opposition to the concept of Malaysia is from the Communist controlled left-wing of the S.U.P.P. in Sarawak.</div>
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9. I had a two hours private talk with the Sultan of Brunei in the middle of our tour. The Sultan wished to know how the Intergovernmental Committee would work and all his questions on Malaysia were directed towards ascertaining how we thought he would fit into the picture. As I stonewalled, he asked whether I thought he should put up proposals to the Malayan Government. I reminded him that Sir John Martin had suggested this in March.2 (The Sultan had in fact already set up a Committee, of which the High Commissioner, Sir Denis White, is a member, to study the situation and to formulate proposals. I understood that this Committee was to meet shortly after our visit.)</div>
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I am convinced that the main attraction of Malaysia to the Sultan is in the hope of protecting his own position by joining the Sultan's [sic) Club. He also wishes to be Agong of the Federation and has been offered this carrot by the Malayans. He will certainly fight hard for the maximum control of State revenues. Whatever he does will closely affect the Bornean discussions. Tun Razak who visited the Sultan earlier last month had tentatively agreed to the Sultan sending observers to the Intergovernmental Committee. As I thought this might strengthen our position, I accepted Tun Razak's suggestion and formally invited the Sultan to send observers. This he agreed to do at the first plenary session in October.</div>
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10. We held a preparatory meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee in Jesselton on 30th August and agreed that the following Sub-Committees should be set up:-</div>
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Constitutional.</div>
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Fiscal.</div>
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Public Service.</div>
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Legal and Judicial.</div>
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Departmental Organization.</div>
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The first plenary meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee will be held at its headquarters in Jesselton in the middle of October and will be attended by Tun Razak and myself. Meanwhile, under the supervision of permanent representatives of the four governments, the work of the Sub-Committee is proceeding. I have reserved the right of Chairmanship of all committees to the British.</div>
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11. The joint submission of the North Borneo political parties goes well beyond what the Malayans appeared to be prepared to concede in London. Throughout the London talks, the Malayans consistently under-estimated the difficulties involved in the accession of the territories to Malaysia. Thanks, however, to the frank and forceful way in which the Borneans expressed their views throughout our tour, the Malayans accepted the reality of the difficulties. Dato Aziz even went so far as to acknowledge to Sir William Goode that whereas in London he had considered the Governors' attitude obstructive, he now realized that they had only been representing the true views of the people. He repeated this admission in the presence of a number of colleagues in Kuala Lumpur. I believe that our Malayan colleagues now realize that British concern over the (orm of Malaysia is directed solely towards the determination to create a federation which will stick.</div>
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12. Our tour enabled our Malayan colleagues to obtain a more realistic appreciation of the situation in the territories. Much will depend, however, upon the impression formed by the Tunku himself after his visit to the territories this month. If agreed solutions are to be reached in the Intergovernmental Committee, the Malayans will have to make concessions. There are as yet only very slight indications that they may be prepared to do so.</div>
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13. It is impossible to forecast how many of the British officers will remain. The chief factors upon which they will make their decision are:-</div>
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(1) The constitutional arrangements and safeguards agreed by the Intergovernmental</div>
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Committee.</div>
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(2) Terms of compensation and inducement</div>
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(3) The length of service to which they may look forward.</div>
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(4) Personal considerations.</div>
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In my opinion it is most important that the British officers should know the terms of compensation and inducement by the end of this year. I have requested the Governments of the territories to work out as quickly as possible the probable rate of Borneanization of the Service. The form of Malaysia and the role which the British officers will be called upon to play will be quite as important to them as any financial consideration.</div>
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14. It was suggested to us that the Malayans, in claiming that Malaysia would bring about an accelerated rate of development in the territories, were offering a 'false prospectus'. It was argued that if the price of rubber continued to fall and jf British Colonial and Development Welfare aid were no longer forthcoming, the rate of Bornean development must inevitably be retarded. The view was expressed both by Bornean and British speakers that the idea of Malaysia was accepted because the British who were responsible for the territories recommended it If the territories suffered thereby, the British would be to blame. Not only was the wish that the British officers should remain repeatedly expressed, but also the fervent hope that British financial aid should not be withdrawn. I am bound to say that in view of the fact that Her Majesty's Government is giving up its responsibility for the territories before they are ready to achieve independence on their own, we have a continuing obligation to help them. I consider that we cannot honourably discharge this obligation to the peoples of the territories whom we are persuading to accept Malaysia, unless we maintain our assistance after Federation at a level not lower than the existing Colonial Development and Welfare grants. This should not include the cost of any compensation scheme. If Malaysia is to fulfill the hopes we have for it, it must be demonstrably successful and successful from the start and this will cost money.</div>
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15. I would like to record my gratitude to the first-class team which accompanied me and with them to express our thanks to the Governors, the High Commissioner and the officers throughout the territories for the invaluable assistance and co:operation which they gave to us and our Malayan colleagues. Despite short notice, all the arrangements made for our travel and meetings were admirably organized.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-8829879267088292832014-07-31T05:55:00.000-07:002014-07-31T05:55:21.911-07:00Tampulan stone , Tenom<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In one of his journals, when he
was staying at the northern end of the Tenom plain, Frank Witti wrote ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">"At another such clearing
there is a stone block on which the division of skulls is made: these Dyaks are
said never to go beyond quartering a bead, smaller shares being made up in
kind. On that block could be seen the stains of blood. Nearby is a rude
scaffolding which serves to exhibit the trophies. But the queerest feature of
that spot was a young sugar plant sprinkled with blood and carefully fenced in -why
not a forget-me-not?" He does not mention the name of the clearing, but it
is probably a reference to Batu Tampulan—'Tampulan's Stone'—near Melalap. The
sugar plant is no longer there; the surrounding jungle is gone and rubber trees
have taken its place, but the stone is still there, though the blood stains
have long since been washed away. It is a large flat stone slab roughly
circular in shape, about three feet in diameter, and apparently hot more than
six inches or so in thickness; close by are two or three ordinary looking
boulders, and a yard from it another- stone which may be a flake from a round
boulder; it stands about two feet high, about a foot wide at ground level
rising to a point which is curved over towards the flat block—it reminds one of
a cobra head—and is said to be a man who was turned into stone whilst squatting
down with his eyes fixed on the trophies lying on the block. A few hundred yards
away is another stone, 'Batu Belanoi', a small cone two feet high with a
circular depression on the tip of the cone, said to have been made by Tampulan,
who used it as a seat and wore away its top. Tampulan was a Timogun hero of
ancient, times. One day, when he was a child and had been left alone iu the
house by his parents, a Spirit came and carried him off into the top of a tall
Aru tree where he kept him and instructed him in the use of weapons and in all
kinds of wisdom and in magic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For several months he lived in
the tree top, and finally was restored by the Spirit to his parents, who had
searched for him in vain all over the country. Tampulan grew up a wise leader
of his people and a mighty man of war. He built a great 'Long House' village
called Dapulan for himself and his people, and the flat stone was his
hearthstone. One day a, party of Peluans from the Bokan district from
the Ulu Sook came down to raid Kasiai, a Timogun house not far from Dapulan;
the news reached Tampulan who seized his weapons and with a single leap sprang
from his own house to Kasiai and attacked the enemy: with every stroke a Peluan
fell, and in a few minutes . not a single raider was left alive. He collected
the heads and took them home and </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">made a great feast over them. Not
long afterwards , he set out on a lone raid up the Sook valley and </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">in the Bokan country found a large party
planting padi on a hill side clearing; he muttered some charms and stroked his
.hand down his blowpipe, and transformed himself into the likeness of an old Bokan
with a long planting stick in his hand. Thus disguised, he joined the unsuspecting
planters, and when in the midst of them once more stroked his staff which
became again a spear tipped blowpipe, and with quick stabs right and left he
slew every one of the planting party. As he was making off with the heads, help
arrived, too late and pursuit was vain, for Tampulan leaped to the tree top
and</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">made his way home over the top of
the jungle to </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dapulan , where he cleaned and
prepared the skulls on his hearthstone. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">His
fame was never forgotten , and after his death his 'people' always assembled round
the stone after a successful raid, and there cleaned their trophies and divided
his share to every warrior who had borne a part-in the attack.”</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsXiLCL1F0oueQUo318CGCMGK4q79on21I0W0qLwi8Y9X2gS2RdZzgKYEnzghPuAhfxyHVnuIKl-qjpsrVqWyemqnsiR1DMpBcMaC3P_bmYXPHEnJ3J7Ejy5U96RfIO4-REpzherbjodQ/s1600/batu+tampulan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsXiLCL1F0oueQUo318CGCMGK4q79on21I0W0qLwi8Y9X2gS2RdZzgKYEnzghPuAhfxyHVnuIKl-qjpsrVqWyemqnsiR1DMpBcMaC3P_bmYXPHEnJ3J7Ejy5U96RfIO4-REpzherbjodQ/s1600/batu+tampulan.jpg" height="274" width="320" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-45035101172128550892014-07-30T23:42:00.000-07:002014-07-31T01:38:51.549-07:00Cult of the Sacred Jar<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn9sz7WpO6u6evTu5LrgrQUnQECkUczpORlSpIwDy1H-YgfNvNaYlXKe0Dy-hWBMbgrAZCRwl-bVqn8-hs7D-7rPolf-rlaqdyrfJBpE_adGaDIjLe7R0EXlwiXH22Sf6fOs8HMIugdh4/s1600/jar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn9sz7WpO6u6evTu5LrgrQUnQECkUczpORlSpIwDy1H-YgfNvNaYlXKe0Dy-hWBMbgrAZCRwl-bVqn8-hs7D-7rPolf-rlaqdyrfJBpE_adGaDIjLe7R0EXlwiXH22Sf6fOs8HMIugdh4/s1600/jar.jpg" height="320" width="238" /></a></div>
<pre><div style="text-align: justify;">
<pre style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;"></pre>
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</pre>
The Dusuns of Tuaran , Papar , and of some other places commonly worship<br />certain jars , which are regarded as being sacred . Various kinds of old<br />jars of foreign manufacture ,most, if not all , of which are of Chinese<br />origin , are regarded as being valuable property by many of the pagan <br />peoples of Borneo , but the Dusuns think that certain varieties of them<br />are tenanted by in-dwelling spirits , and are hence worthy of reverence .<br />It is to a kind called 'gusi ' in particular that sacrifice and prayer are<br />made at Tuaran ; and families vie with one another to obtain a specimen<br />from two or three thousands dollars being no uncommon price to pay for one.<br />Each member of a family has often a small share in such a jar , and owing<br />to the frequent and complicated lawsuits which formerly arose in<br />consequence , it became necessary that such cases should be stopped ; a<br />notification therefore was issued by the then Governor of British North<br />Borneo ,which prohibited legal proceedings with regard to 'gusi' , except<br />with a view to enforcing the rights of the 'waris' [members of the fmailies<br />of owners] as define in the notification. The 'gusi' is a pot-bellied jar<br />of a greenish-brown color and has often a cracked skin , but whether this <br />crackle is due to age or was produced in manufacture are not certain . It<br />appears to be of Chinese make,and specimens may vary considerably in size. <br />"Gusi' are often kept in a railed-off enclosure in of the inner rooms of a<br />Dusun house , and annual sacrifices are made to them at a festival called<br />'mengahau'. 'Mengahau' is a festival in connection with the sacred jars,<br />which is performed annually and may take place a few days.
<br /><br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-4922627303518184992014-07-30T06:03:00.001-07:002014-07-30T06:08:52.479-07:00Sandakan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL3hoOwAQ5gjtAPke3b5s06nSUjhF-QiPVmyU7dbMnLTLH-7c4MSxTTOoSV5SdKpiJHPewvj753Jx2dS8cdowk8gOUMLmDgEjhYDNVYDmaNfzWkawSfdBc-2dyvybMtyjQfXT2hriXJMo/s1600/skan1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL3hoOwAQ5gjtAPke3b5s06nSUjhF-QiPVmyU7dbMnLTLH-7c4MSxTTOoSV5SdKpiJHPewvj753Jx2dS8cdowk8gOUMLmDgEjhYDNVYDmaNfzWkawSfdBc-2dyvybMtyjQfXT2hriXJMo/s1600/skan1.jpg" height="268" width="320" /></a></div>
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Sandakan ,in the late 19th century prior to land reclamation in the 1920's expanding the town vicinity.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-34333401502376998722014-07-30T02:20:00.001-07:002014-07-30T05:50:18.519-07:00Dyaks of North Borneo<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">
Borneo then, was , in the words of Tom Harrison ,” at a far fringe of the fully walk-able world. There is frustratingly little known about the people of Borneo before the 19th century . From the great Niah cave in Sarawak , Batu Tulog located near the Kinabatangan river and and a few other sites comes archeological evidence of past human activities ; however , most of what we know about the island’s history in all but the most recent times from travellers’ accounts and indirect evidence from China and elsewhere. Borneo is sometimes portrayed as a historical backwater, but that is not, of course, the perspective of its inhabitants. </div>
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“In the old days it was usual to call many of the up- country tribes loosely by the name of Dyak, but the Dyaks proper are a totally distinct race, only to be found within the borders of Sarawak. Those who have settled in North Borneo are mainly small traders or collectors of jungle produce, many of them ex-policemen who have served their time ; in former years when they were more numerous than they are now, they rendered valuable assistance to the Government on punitive expeditions, for they are a warlike people and dearly love a fight. As a rule they are law-abiding and well-behaved but, like the little girl in the nursery rhyme, when they are naughty they are horrid, and no more undesirable native could be found than a free Dyak who has " got above himself." They are a race of wanderers, ranging through the jungle or travelling from river to river, and the only Dyak village in the country is at Paal, a few miles south of Tenom.” - Owen Rutter.</div>
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At the turn of the 20th century in Sandakan , an officer of the British North Borneo Chartered Company describes the Dyak , “who form the fighting force of the country, are a splendid race, strong and well made, with bright intelligent faces and scantily clothed limbs, which show off to advantage the perfect grace of every movement, a grace of which only a well-bred savage is capable . Dyaks make splendid soldiers and the best of friends, as they are faithful and trustworthy, but the sight of blood intoxicates them, and when they are let go they are worse than wild beasts. Their one weapon is a long, sheathed knife, the handle of which is often most beautifully carved, and then decorated with the hair of their victims.”</div>
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~ a pre-WWII image of a group of Dyaks photograph by Mr Kwan Yau Mui , FRPS , of Sunshinewood Studio in Sandakan , by courtesy of Mr Nicholas Tan.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3cQol9ZlJRZCVDajDjHjfm6FKXqMEr12fCjwAQaNlWzjf6o6d5JBzw-Lm0WWN-B-oyHVFh9dDyzyNEYcyoNIr36dm3KUculJBZpz6a3B9F9QqdlNaVvU82Btehu70M1Ev_qMNDA2JKco/s1600/OPC233.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3cQol9ZlJRZCVDajDjHjfm6FKXqMEr12fCjwAQaNlWzjf6o6d5JBzw-Lm0WWN-B-oyHVFh9dDyzyNEYcyoNIr36dm3KUculJBZpz6a3B9F9QqdlNaVvU82Btehu70M1Ev_qMNDA2JKco/s1600/OPC233.jpg" height="203" width="320" /></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-28800635857413484072014-07-30T02:11:00.001-07:002014-07-30T05:50:18.514-07:00Putatan District,North Borneo,1884<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This flourishing and extensive
district which on the 1<sup>st</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>May
1884 passed under the rule of The British North Borneo Government, may be
briefly described as an alluvial plain bounded to.the southward by some salient
spurs thrown off by the coast range of mountains to the westward, to the north
by the mountains dividing it from the watershed of the Inanam river,and
to the north-west by low ranges and detached hills running parallel with the coast,
from Tanjong Liadan (Dusun, "Pangalat" and "Kalat”) opposite
Gaya, to the base of the sandy promontory of Tanjong Aru ( Dusun, "Torongo
" ). Further to the south a few detached hills stud the coastline, the
general axis of the course of the Putatan river—which in its upper portion
bears the name of the Pagunan, is from north-east to south-west, as far as
hitherto explored, with a bold Sweep round to the southward where it debouches
on the lower part of the Putatan plain. At the Bajau villages of Putatan and
Lokbunoh it forks and forms a delta, its northern branch discharging into the
sea some little distance to the south of Tanjong Aru by the Pitagas mouth,
while its southern arm debouches into the sea by the Telipuk mouth
immediately to the. south of Dumpir point. The Bajau village of Togorong- .on
lies, a, short distance nprth of this mouth, while another Bajau village,
Ketiow, is situated on the left bank close to the sea, at the embouchure of the
little river Permuan. A 'blocked-up mouth also lies immediately to the north of
Bukit Linchuk, a hill rising from the sea-beach and situated equidistant
from the 'two- existing 'mouths. The Putatan soil is arich alluvial clay loam,
superimposed on sea sand., and varying from a depth of only a few inches,at
the edge of the basin-—as at Pitagas, where the Taniong Aru sand bank forms its
northern boundary, to a depth of over twelve feet in the heart of the district,
where it can be seen in exposed sections of the river bank. This formation
points to the Putatan river-plain having been formerly a shallow inlet of the
seat extending up to the base of the coast range, with the mud-charged waters
of the Pagunan discharging into its bight. The hills now dotting the plain,
were then islets, and a chain of them stretched across the mouth of the bay of
inlet represented, by the present coast hills of Pandan Pandan, Linchuk,
Karindingan, &q„ and the range extending from Nappas to Tanjong
Liadan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The effect of this island breakwater was
to conduce to the gradual deposition of the fat alluvial mud brought down by
the Pagunan over the bed of the sheltered inlet, this process being aided by
the formation of the broad sandbank stretching from Tanjong Aru to Pitagas and
Nappas. The ultimate result of the operation of these various natural causes
would be the formation of the Putatan plain, whose broad and fertile expanse
now supports such a large and industrious population.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The river survey, so rapidly and ably made by
Mr. D. D. Daly in the course of a one day's hurried journey up the river to the
foot of the mountains at Pagunan village, and back again, will give any one a
good idea of the general lie of of the country. The district is purely a rice
producing one, with some sago plantations some distance up the river. The rice
cultivation is of the most elaborate kind, the dykes, levels sluices, &c,
being quite on a par with those found in countries such as Burmah itself. The
"padi" is, however, small in the grain and deteriorated, and the
distribution of first-class Rangoon rice will be a benefit to the district at
large. The flat lands are firmly held at over $40 to the acre, the different
properties being carefully marked off by stone and wooden landmarks, in many
cases carved to represent a human figure. Every inch of available flat land has
been brought under cultivation, the bases of the wooded knolls, that stud the
large plain and add such a charm to the landscape, being in many cases scarped
to gain an additional acreage of flatland. The Dusun population are an intelligent,
well fed and well set-up looking race and are decidedly of a higher type than
their neighbours of Papar,Menggatal and Tawaran. Smithies abound, and iron-shod
plough shares, millstones worked' by regular mechanism, and remarkably
well-made winnowing machines,together with iron-toothed harrows, form the
agricultural implements in vogue.The Chinese, of whom there are some 80, are an
unprepossessing lot, principally runaway Labuan convicts, who may be, later on,
advantageously replaced by respectable Chinese traders. They own no land and
are principally occupied in the distillation of rice arrack, varied, with
smuggling. Amongst them are to be found some .good blacksmiths, carpenters,
&c. The Bajau population may be roughly estimated at 500, and the Dusun at 7000
to 8000, no census having yet been taken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formerly the " tamu," or native
market, held every tenth day at Pagunan village,is said to have been the
largest on the coast. Owing, however, to blood-feuds between the Tagaas —-most
aggressive tribes whose habitat lies along the coast ranges between the heads
of the different rivers from the Menggatal to the Bangawan,and the Liwan
people,who inhabit the tobacco districts, lying to the south of Kinabalu, which
goby that general name, —.this market was broken up, the roads, to the coast
blocked by the Tagaas, the people of the interior forced to sell their produce
at prices below the market value to the Tagaas, and the whole trade of the
upper Pagunan and its adjacent districts, now in the hands of these aboriginal
"Protectionists,"finds its way to the coast by a route diverging from
the Ulu Pagunan to the Inanam river, where a market is held every 9th and 10th
day, much to the detriment of Putatan, the Dusun population of which are most,
anxious for there-establishment of their market, a task which must be
undertaken before long. The principal produce brought, down to Inanarn is
tobacco, which is, bartered by the Tagaas for iron bars, cloth, gunpowder,
fish, &o. Going inland from the Inanam the principal -tobacco-growing
districts of the Liwan country are (1) Narap.(2) Samalang. (8) Kernan. (4)
Sinatan. (5) Lembiadan. The district is an extensive one said to be very rich
in produce and reputed to contain within its confines the sources of the Labuk,
Sugut, Segaliud, Lokan, Tungkolan, Kramurk, Tungut and Mungkwayo,. rivers, all
within a day's, walk of each other, it is certain that from,the head of the
Pagunan, the head of the Sugut can be struck in five days walking, while from
the head of the latter river to that of the northern branch of the
Kinabatangan,is a very short distance indeed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It may be safely surmised that 1885 will see
the revenue of Putatan more than balance its expenditure. Chinese are already
intimating their intention to Open shops in the district, the disposition of
the large Dusun population .is excellent, and the country is –at the present
moment being managed entirely without police. All ordinary native
"bicharas " are heard and settled, as heretofore, by the respective
Datus , a system which works well and is very popular with the natives. One of
the principal Dusun inhabitants, a wealthy widow by name Si Limpai,of the
village of Terrawi, having had the title of " Mantri Babu "conferred
on her by H. E. the Governor, on the occasion of his Excellency's opening the
river, her patent of nobility was duly presented to her on 26thJuly, by the
Magistrate in charge of the District, amid salvoes of brass,artillery and all
Dusun formalities, A road marked out by coloured streamers,houses adorned with
bright coloured hangings, the slaughter of a buffalo, cow,&c, with flags,
triumphal processions and other pageantries, lent animation to the scene and
ceremony and a universal sentiment of satisfaction seemed to prevail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pagunan is reported to have a long course,
and to take its rise only two day's walk from the upper Tawaran , but both it
and the comparatively insignificant Inanam are said to be overlapped by the
Tawaran and Papar rivers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The coast boundaries of the Putatan district
are Tanjong Liadau on the north<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i>Suwongan river on the south,
embracing the coast villages of Api Api, Nappas, Togorongon, Malintod, Keetiow,
and Dumpir. The inland villages may be enumerated as follows, omitting some not
yet taken over.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1)Pitagas. (2) Lokbunoh. (3) Putatan. (4)
Buit. (5) Terrawi. (6) Binduan. (7)Nasob. (3) Bangkong. (9) Bhang, (10) Tanah.
(11) Lunghap. (12) Kinampang. (13) Babait.(14)Krahnau. (15) Nohbong.
(16}Putatohn. (17) Pagansakan. (18) Pagunan, makingin all some 24 villages. To
these, however, must be added 3 more,viz., Sugud, Tampassak and Indai, lying in
the valley of the Sugud, called at and near its confluence with the Putatan
river, at the village of Rumaia, the Tarikan river. This makes a total of 27
villages, belonging to the Government, which, with 10 more not yet taken over,
gives a grand total of 37 villages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The principal produce of Ulu Pagunan is
India-rubber, armadillo skins, beeswax and tobacco, with a little gutta percha
, but the trade may be said to be as yet in an embryonic stage, and the
checking of Tagaas head-hunting and re-establishment of the fair (
"tamu" ) will revolutionize the whole district. It may fairly be
said, in conclusion, that the Government is to be congratulated on its
acquisition of the most populous and highly cultivated river and district in
North Borneo, and on having metamorphosed a stronghold of buffalo thieves into
a law-abiding and orderly community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~Tawaran – Tuaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~Dumpir – Dumpil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~‘ Mantri Babu ‘ - chief<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-2799752475121886852014-07-30T02:10:00.001-07:002014-07-30T05:50:18.504-07:00INANAM<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Inanam valley is one of the
most fertile valleys On the West Coast. It lies about seven miles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">from Jesselton and is the nearest
valley on that side. Agriculture thrives in Inanam because the soil is good and
because the market at Jesselton is comparatively near. One of the best-coffee
plantations in the. country lies alongside the main road near the village. Tea
is growing in a plantation at the head: of the valley and the tea from this
plantation finds a ready sale in Jesselton. It is the first tea to be grown on
a commercial scale in the country. Padi, sago, rubber, coconuts and many kinds
of native fruits all flourish well. In the bad old days Inanam was the stamping
ground of defiant natives. It was a thorn in the side of the Government for a
long time because its rulers did not surrender it until much later than most of
the rest of the territory. The Sultans ceded the greater part of our territory
in 1877 but it was not until 1898, more than 20 years later, that the Sultan of
Brunei ceded Inanam together with the area which now comprises Jesselton,
Inanam and Mengattal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">THE INANAM EXPEDITION.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In 1897 the rebel chief Mat Salleh
made his quarters in Inanam and an expedition based on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gaya Island advanced against him.
Mr. Owen Rutter describes the expedition in his book on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">British North Borneo. The party
left the Government Station on Gaya Island in boats and landed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">at Tanjong Aru amongst the casuarina
trees on what is now the Jesselton bathing beach. They<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">marched across the area now
served by the Penampang Road into the Putatan valley and there<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">collected some friendly natives,
bringing their number to 78 men. They passed Penampang and crossed the hills
from the Putatan into the Inanam valley, The Engineers have heard of this
historic route and they are now asking questions about it. Mr. Hewett, the
Resident of Labuan, who came over to take charge of the expedition laid his
plans well. He stationed a launch at the mouth of the river Inanam to block it
while he marched down from the ‘ulu’ .When his party descended, into the valley
they found all the Dusun Villages crammed with the loot which the natives had
taken as the prize of their successful raid upon the Government station at Gaya
Island earlier in the year. On July 15th and 16th, 1897, the expedition carried
two of the forts on the Inanam River and began an attack upon the main
stronghold which consisted of a fort guarding<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the Bajau villages on the banks
of the lower reaches of the river. The expedition was successful but Mat Salleh
escaped capture and fled -to his old haunts in the Sugut River.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">THE TAMU GROUND.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">At a later stage in its history
Inanam <i>tamu </i>formed a picnic ground for the ladies of Jesselton. Picnic parties
used to leave Jesselton in native boats and paddle round the coast of Jesselton
harbour into the mouth of the Inanam River to visit the <i>tamu.</i> They would
paddle up the river to the <i>tamu </i>ground, where Bajaus and Dusuns have
gathered together from time immemorial for marketing their produce. Inanam <i>tamu
</i>is perhaps the best known of all the local <i>tamu. </i>The Bajaus, happy
rogues, spent much of their time in stealing the Dusuns' buffaloes but could
meet the Dusuns on this common ground. The Bajaus brought fish to sell while
the Dusuns traded in rice and tobacco. Up-country Dusuns used to come all the
way from Tambunan to attend </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">this </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tamu </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and their red
white and blue clothing and their long tobacco baskets were objects of interest
to visitors. Inanam </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tamu </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">now-a-days is not as popular as it was. The
District Officers have had occasion to shift the meeting ground once or twice
and the </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tamu </i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">now meets just across the Inanam River bridge on the right
hand side of the road, where the passing motorist will notice a collection of
huts on the river bank. Inanam citizens appreciate the services of our engineers.
They use the river bridge itself as their civic centre. This is a long timber
bridge on concrete piers. It is built in Bornean style. It carries a roof of
shingles which shelters the long double trusses of the bridge and its wooden
decked road way. This ample roof protects the structure </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMob3DsHNhIbukSuUyyryCZadlI0veHGhafKATjDPOH8HSgvyMdEO7SqGEScGQI-RuxQc_ErUtrpJ4gfVXaylcXr0n1Zw_OOpdjx5Zg0_9y0Tm3JSi1cFW4r8_0htyfcs-PvjLv7G8bCw/s1600/inanam1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMob3DsHNhIbukSuUyyryCZadlI0veHGhafKATjDPOH8HSgvyMdEO7SqGEScGQI-RuxQc_ErUtrpJ4gfVXaylcXr0n1Zw_OOpdjx5Zg0_9y0Tm3JSi1cFW4r8_0htyfcs-PvjLv7G8bCw/s1600/inanam1.jpg" height="157" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3R5IJIjaN7Bc8YB5OF0Qgkzgy56nVSbvj2aOuaZ-MsgLWa9lQb2bmi-tWqOov1vv_4-BLQ0NIRL9C4pqSvme5nlGoGZtJrPPAa9_dv0WfsKoekBzorFlw00bat9R7yuFGBO9oraUl3_Q/s1600/inanam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3R5IJIjaN7Bc8YB5OF0Qgkzgy56nVSbvj2aOuaZ-MsgLWa9lQb2bmi-tWqOov1vv_4-BLQ0NIRL9C4pqSvme5nlGoGZtJrPPAa9_dv0WfsKoekBzorFlw00bat9R7yuFGBO9oraUl3_Q/s1600/inanam.jpg" height="173" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">from the sun and rain and
provides Inanam with its town hall. Village elders settle disputes upon the bridge
while they thoughtfully chew tobacco quids or spit red betel-nut into the river
below. Civic pride may manifest itself in different ways, but who shall say
that Inanam bridge is not, to the patriarchs of Inanam, what London or Waterloo
Bridge is to the fur-trimmed dignitaries of London.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7573848916670915056.post-1563337356260490562014-07-30T02:07:00.003-07:002014-07-30T05:50:18.500-07:00MARRIAGE IN BRUNEI.<br />
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The marriage took place at the Majlis Pengiran Shahbandar Brunei on the 23rd May, 1935, between<b> Pengiran OmarAli Saiffulddin, the first son of Pengiran Osman, Deputy Assistant District Officer, Tuaran, B. N. B., and Pengiran Anak Siti Noor Alam, the first daughter of Pengiran Anak Abdul Mumin ibni Almerhum Pengiran Haji Shahbandar of Brunei.</b> The Pihin Dato Imam Haji Mokti of Brunei officiated at the marriage ceremony.- There was a large concourse of' guests; among whom were the British Resident, Brunei, R. E. Turnbull, Esqr., Duli Pengiran Pemancha of Brunei, the following members of the blood of the Royal Family of Brunei,Pengiran Anak Ismail, Pengiran Anak Ahmad, Pengiran Anak Hassan, Pengiran Bakar,Pengiran Ahmad bin Pengiran Naserudin, Pengiran Metussin bin Pengiran' Merali,Pengiran Haji Ahmad bin Pengiran Mohd. Tali and Pengiran Damit bin Pengiran Saripol; the Medical Officer, Dr. W. G. Evans, the Chief Police Officer, Mr. T.F. Murphy, the State Engineer, Mr. E. N, Dimmock , Miss Lomas, the DistrictOfficer of Brunei Enche Ibrahim bin Mohd. Ja'afar, the Manager Island Trading Co., Ltd.Subok Mr. E. Bomphery, the Manager of Gadong Estate, Mr. J.K.B. Coghill, theActing Secretary to H. H. the Sultan of Brunei, Mr. E. H. Stally, Pengiran Sabtu ibni Almerhum Sultan Hasbim, Pengiran Petera, Pengiran, Sabtu Kamaluddin ibni Almerhum Pengiran Bandahara, Pengiran Anak Haji-Tajuddin ibni Almerhum PengiranPemancha, the Assistant Financial Comr., Mr. P. L. Thian Tai, the Auditor, Mr.Keong Quee, the Acting Supt. of Post &Telegraphs, Mr. Kong En Choi. </div>
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The following members of the Staff of the Mentri,Brunei were present'.—Pihin Laksamana, Pihin Orang Kaya Shahbandar, PihinBandahari, Pihin Tuan Imam, Pihin Khatib Abdullah, Pihin Khatib Abdul Rahman,Pihin Khatib Besar and Pihin Khatib Ea'amon.</div>
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Of the various subordinate Government staff, the following were present.:—Enche Md. Yusoff bin Abd. Rajid, PengiranMd, Yusofjf, Pengiran Metussin bin Pengiran Piut, Mr. Pillar, Mr.Sivapiragasam, Mr. K. Natarajan, Mr. Lew Pook Loy, Enche Md. Yusoff bin Edin,Enche Ali Hassan, Enche Nuruddin, Sheikh Mahmud, Major Abdul Lamit, Enche Ahmed bin Daud, Shin Fook Moy, Abang Sulaiman, Pengiran Rajid and Awang Metassim.</div>
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Among representatives of commercial firms and businesses, the following were present:—Awang Md. Yusoff bin Jawatan Dalam, Mr. G. A. Foott, Mr. Lim Cheng Chew, Mr. Aug Kim Boey, Mr.Leong Ah Kg, and Mr. Lim, the Chinese School Master.</div>
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<b>PRESENTS TO THE BRIDE AND BRIDEGROOM.</b></div>
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The British Resident of Brunei,R. E. Turnbull Esq., two pieces of silk cloth; Pengiran Shahbandar, one Dastar Bertabor, two pieces, pi silk cloth, one Buffalo and cash; Enche Ibrahim bin Sid. Ja'afar and wife, onepair silver Buttons, one pair silver Cuff Links, one Lassam Sarong and one piece silk cloth, one bottle perfume and one tin perfume powder; Mr. Lim Cheng Chew provisions; Awang Md. Yusolfbin Pihin Jawatan Dalam provisions; Mr. Kwong Yik Sang of Tuaran one Tweed suit; <b>0. T. Impas of Tuaran one bull;</b> Maraah 'of Tuaran Photo; Bakar of Tuaran.Photo; Pengiran Ahmad bin Peng. Abd. Rahman Cash; Peng. Tajudin bin P.Shahbandar Cash; Peng. Bahar bin P.Shahbandar Cash; Peng. Anak Ismail ibni Almerhum Peng., Haji Shahbandar Cash;and The Govt, subordinates of Brunei one set Tea Cups, two Trays, three Table Knives, one Basin and one Thermos flask.</div>
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<b>PRESENTS FROM THE BRIDE AND BRIDEGROOM IN</b></div>
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<b>REMEMBRANCE OF THEIR MARRIAGE ACCORDING TO THE BRUNEI CUSTOM.</b></div>
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His Excellency the Governor of British North Borneo one Brunei Cigar with silver Bujong and gold stripe. The British Resident of Brunei one Brunei Cigar with silver Bujong; the Hon. the Govt. Secretary, Sandakan, one Brunei Cigar with silver Bujong; the Hon. the Resident West Coast, Jesselton, one Brunei Cigar with silver Bujong;t the..District Officer Jesselton, Mr.' D. K. Ingle, one Brunei Cigar with silver Bujong;the District Officer, Kudat, Mr. G. L. Gray one Brunei Cigar with silver Bujong;Y.'M. Peng. Shahbandar one Photo; Enche Ibrahim bin Md. Ja'afar one Photo; Awg.Md. Yusoff bin Pihin Jawatan Dalam one Photo; Mr. Kwong Yik Sang.of Tuaran onePhoto; <b>0. T. Impas of Tuaran one Photo;</b> Peng. Ahmad Raffaee of Sipitang one Photo; Peng. Ahmad bin Peng. Abd. Rahman one Photo; Peng. Abd. Wahap one Photo; Peng. Anak Ismail one Photo; <b>O.K. K. Lajungah of Penampang</b> one Photo; Mr. Chua Kua Leong of Jesselton one Photo; Mr. Chua Koh King of Jesselton one Photo; andMr. Kwong Voon of Tuaran one <i>Photo.</i></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<i><b>[Tuaran, on the 22nd May,1936, to Pangiran Omar </b></i><i><b>Ali Saiffuldin, and Pangiran Anak Siti Noor Alain, a</b></i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i><b>son, to be named Pangiran Bahar Ali Shamsuldin.]</b></i></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0